Are Rural Services Obsolescent?

1931 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272
Author(s):  
Victor A. Rapport
Keyword(s):  
Rural Services

Health Finance in Rural Henan: Low Premium Insurance Compared to the Out-of-Pocket System

2005 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 137-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhan Jackson ◽  
Adrian C. Sleigh ◽  
Li Peng ◽  
Liu Xi-Li
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Services Utilization ◽  
Limited Government ◽  
Health Finance ◽  
Rural Services ◽  
Township Hospitals ◽  
Care Costs

China's health reforms of the 1980s led to privatization of rural health care with adverse impact on farmers. A decade later a new rural co-operative medical scheme (RCMS), was piloted throughout many provinces to promote better equity. Although many schemes later collapsed owing to inadequate funding, some continue to the present. This article compares such a scheme with the out-of-pocket system in Henan province. We study the township hospitals, focusing on cost of services, utilization rates and impact of RCMS on hospitals' financial sustainability. Our results derive from monthly hospital records and a survey of four hospitals in two adjacent counties, one county with low-premium RCMS and the other with the out-of-pocket system.All hospitals charged for preventive activities (such as antenatal care, immunization), an unfortunate consequence of limited government support. It was not clear that on average, the total cost of individual patient visits in RCMS hospitals was lower than non-RCMS hospitals. Farmers were generally unaware of their insurance entitlements, except the catastrophic illnesses for which there was a real benefit from refund of US$100 or more. Although the effect of the RCMS on hospital charges was unclear it was notable that the utilization rates in RCMS areas were twice those in non-RCMS.We conclude that RCMS hospitals were better funded because of re-imbursements from the insurance scheme and therefore were more viable as sources of good health care. Thus, health care could become more equitable under RCMS than the out-ofpocket system. China is now beginning to test a revised form of RCMS with pooling at the county level, increased premiums (10 yuan per person) and increased government funding. However, it must be followed closely to determine the effect on rural services and health care costs for farmers.

Viator to Ascriptitius: Rural Economy, Lordship, and the Origins of Serfdom in Medieval Poland

Slavic Review ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Gorecki
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Rural Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Essential Change ◽  
Social Arrangements ◽  
Different Parts

In loving memory of Angle Arvidson (1961-1982)Over a decade ago, Georges Duby wrote his account of the development of the European economy between the seventh and twelfth centuries. The essential change he described was the transition from a society ruled by an elite of warriors, accumulating wealth through conquest, booty, and hoarding, to a society ruled by an elite of landholders, accumulating wealth through economic investment in land and places of production and exchange — workshops, markets, and fairs. The social groupings became increasingly complex. The simple societal divisions — between warriors and peasants, and between the free and the slaves — were replaced by complex and fluid structures of lordship and service. The resulting social arrangements and their language varied in different parts of Europe. Poland completed the transition from an economy based on force and warfare to one based on intensive agriculture and craft specialization in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. This essay describes the structure of rural services and tributes resulting from this transition in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. The first part describes village settlements and division of labor; the second part examines the concept of lordship and in particular the origins of involuntary services rendered by the peasants to the lords — “serfdom” — in Poland during the first decades of the thirteenth century.

Reaching the masses through a Rural Services Platform

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Agarwal ◽  
Sachin Gupta ◽  
Shalini Kapoor ◽  
Sumit Mittal ◽  
Dinesh Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Rural Services ◽  
The Masses

Inclusive planning and allocation for rural services

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Porter ◽  
Martin Onyach-Olaa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Services

Gender and climate change adaptation in livestock production in Tunisia.

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
D. Najjar ◽  
B. Baruah
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Resource Degradation ◽  
Rural Services ◽  
And Coping ◽  
And Control

Abstract This section begins by examining the pattern of women's involvement in livestock livelihoods, and ownership and control of assets (mainly land and livestock) in the study areas. The discussion then moves to changes in gender roles; changes related to climate change; implications and coping mechanisms adopted by women and men; rural services and their role in building resilience; and innovation availability and adoption in the past 5 years. The findings of the study reveal that both women and men are marginalized from income generation training and loan acquisitions, and are negatively affected by resource degradation and climate change impacts, albeit in different ways. The benefits of the feminization of agrarian labor may be incommensurate with the disadvantages mainly due to the lack of social and economic interventions needed to improve agricultural productivity for women and men in the context of increased climate change impacts and resource degradation.

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