The Distribution of Astronomical Research among the United States Over the Past Half Century

1987 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A., Jr. Thronson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Astronomical Research ◽  
Past Half

The Transition of the Presidency, 2020-2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Pfiffner James P.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Change Leadership ◽  
Electoral College ◽  
Half Century ◽  
United State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Presidential Transitions ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

The peaceful transition of power from one set of rulers to another is the essence of democracy. The United States has enjoyed the consensus that elections are the means to change leadership of the country for more than two centuries. The 2020-2021 transition of the presidency marks an exception to that consensus. President Trump refused to accept the reality of his 2020 defeat at the polls, despite the fact that Joe Biden won more than 7 million more votes than Trump and won the electoral college by a vote of 306 to 232. Trump declared that he had won the election and that his opponent, Joseph Biden, had conspired to steal the election through fraudulent ballots. This paper will briefly characterize the development of presidential transitions over the past half century. It will then examine the extensive efforts of President Trump to overturn the 2020 election that culminated in the volent attack on the United State Capitol on January 6, 2021. Finally, it will show how Trump tried to thwart the incoming Biden administration. It will conclude that Trump’s actions in 2020 and 2021 presented a serious threat to the American polity.

scholarly journals The Savanna Theory of Happiness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kanazawa ◽  
Norman P. Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Seasonal Affective Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

This chapter describes the savanna theory of happiness, which posits that it may not be only the consequences of a given situation in the current environment that affect individuals’ happiness but also what its consequences would have been in the ancestral environment. The theory further suggests that the effect of such ancestral consequences on happiness is stronger among less intelligent individuals than among more intelligent individuals. Consistent with the theory, being an ethnic minority, living in urban areas, and socializing with friends less frequently all reduce happiness, but the effects of these conditions are significantly stronger among less intelligent individuals than among more intelligent individuals. The theory can further explain why some individuals suffer from seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and why women’s level of happiness has steadily declined in the United States in the past half-century.

Some Truths about Mexico

1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-424
Author(s):  
Fanchón Royer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
American Press ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Past Half

It is Probable that no country outside the borders of the United States has, during the past half century, been more widely and more inaccurately presented by our American writers, than the Republic of Mexico. An examination of this surfeit of material and the multiplicity of its authors’ approaches to their topic discovers our Catholic neighborland to have long proved both an irresistible lure and an enigma to the professional producers of run-of-the-mill travel volumes as well as to the more popular (i.e., lighter-weight) theorists on economics and sociology. Their enthusiastic, even florid rhetoric has been ceaselessly inspired by the color and drama of Mexico; but otherwise their persistent output rarely gives much evidence of a clear understanding of Mexican attitudes or ideals and so, of competence to fathom the true significance of this nation’s turbulent history. Since the past cannot be overlooked in any safe estimate of the future, this is a regrettable fact that could prove most detrimental to that much-desired inter-American accord which has already cost the American taxpayer some millions of dollars. There are two easily understood reasons for such lack of insight on the part of so many of our writers; this has already served to rouse the resentment and disrespect of the Mexican reader of the American press while also resulting in a sincere acceptance by Anglo-Americans of a decidedly strange mixture of misinformation and absurdly ill advised opinion for “the truth about Mexico.”

The Constitutionally Anomalous Right to Education

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua E. Weishart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Right ◽  
Past Half

This chapter clarifies the nature of right to education in the United States. It analyzes the constitutional text and judicial decisions from the past half-century to identify the right’s form, function, and scope. These interrelated, constitutive parts reveal (i) the duties and freedoms conferred by the right, (ii) the purpose and content of those educational entitlements, (iii) the conditions by which the right can be vindicated in courts, and (iv) the range of potential remedies.

Prison Riots

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Useem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Prison Riots ◽  
Past Half

This essay provides an overview of prison riots, the possible stages of a riot, and a historical account of the incidence of riots in the United States as well as cross-nationally since the early twentieth century (including finer discussions of the most serious riots and their implications). Theories of prison riots are presented and critiqued in terms of their applicability to the most serious riots in the past half-century. Within this discussion, attention is paid to how prison conditions might influence the chance of a prison riot. Actual riots develop in a dynamic relationship between rioting inmates and prison authorities and, as a result, pre-riot factors, such as inmate ideologies, can help explain the course of a riot but not completely. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of riot preparedness and effective guidelines for preventing the escalation of riots to the hostage stage.

EDITORIAL: Migration and competitiveness: Japan and the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Key Sectors ◽  
Past Half

Japan and the United States, the world’s largest economies for most of the past half century, have very different immigration policies. Japan is the G7 economy most closed to immigrants, while the United States is the large economy most open to immigrants. Both Japan and the United States are debating how immigrants are and can con-tribute to the competitiveness of their economies in the 21st centuries. The papers in this special issue review the employment of and impacts of immigrants in some of the key sectors of the Japanese and US economies, including agriculture, health care, science and engineering, and construction and manufacturing. For example, in Japanese agriculture migrant trainees are a fixed cost to farmers during the three years they are in Japan, while US farmers who hire mostly unauthorized migrants hire and lay off workers as needed, making labour a variable cost.

SEMINARIES AND WRITING THE HISTORY OF NEW SPAIN: An Interview with Stafford Poole, C.M.

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-254
Author(s):  
Susan Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
American History ◽  
New Spain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Latin American History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Past Half

Over the course of the past half century, the field of colonial Latin American history has been greatly enriched by the contributions of Father Stafford Poole. He has written 14 books and 84 articles and book chapters and has readily shared his knowledge at coundess symposia and other scholarly forums. Renowned as a historian, he was also a seminary administrator and professor of history in Missouri and California. Moreover, his background and formation are surely unique among priests in the United States and his story is certainly worth the telling.

scholarly journals Global Trends In The Commercialization Of Space

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Giacalone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Space Policy ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">For the past half century, the commercial potential of space has been a major rationale for the space program in the United States and elsewhere. This paper will provide an overview of space-related industries, which accounted for global revenues in the range of $106 billion by 2006, and the drivers that impact their development. It incorporates the evolution of space policy, recent economic data, and the emergence of the private spaceflight industry.</span></span></p>

FORUM: THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF AMERICAN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY INTRODUCTION

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS BENDER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Fair Representation ◽  
American Intellectual ◽  
American Intellectual History ◽  
Past Half

The following essays present six distinct but broadly compatible narratives of scholarship in United States intellectual history over the past half-century: postwar dominance, a season of despair, and then the field's rise, transformation, and expansion. The essays are a feast of erudition; any reader will come away from them with a list of “must-read” books. But there is much more here. These are rigorous and sophisticated explorations—at once historical and prescriptive—of a flourishing field. The writers span different generations, with authors representative of older, middling, and younger scholars. These appraisals are various yet they are unambiguously within the mainstream, tracking the current understandings of the somewhat fuzzy boundaries of the field. While additional writers might have further enriched the coverage, these writers together offer a fair representation of current practice in the field.

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