scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF PURE PROTEIN SOLUTIONS AND OF BLOOD SERUM ON THE DIFFUSIBILITY OF CALCIUM

1926 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Loeb ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Protein Ions ◽  
Isoelectric Points ◽  
Pure Protein

1. A comparative study has been made of the diffusibility of calcium in solutions of crystalline egg albumin, serum globulin, and human blood serum. 2. In all three of these solutions, at pH 7.4, molal Ca concentrations within the membrane are greater than the calcium concentrations in the outside solutions, quite in accordance with the Donnan theory. 3. At pH 7.4, the ratio of See PDF for Structure varies directly with the protein concentration whether the solution be one of egg albumin, serum globulin, or blood serum. This is also in accordance with the Donnan theory. 4. On the acid side of the isoelectric point of the proteins, the concentration of Ca outside becomes greater than the concentration in the solution of blood serum or pure protein, as is demanded by the Donnan theory. 5. The magnitude of the Ca ratios on the alkaline and acid sides of the isoelectric points is probably the resultant of the Donnan equilibrium and the formation of complex Ca-protein ions. Northrop and Kunitz have shown the probability of the existence of such ions in the case of Zn++, K+, and Li+, where satisfactory electrodes have been developed for E.M.F. measurements.

scholarly journals SERUM-GLOBULIN AND DIPHTHERIC ANTITOXIN.—A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE AMOUNT OE GLOBULIN IN NORMAL AND ANTITOXIC SERA, AND THE RELATION OF THE GLOBULINS TO THE ANTITOXIC BODIES

1900 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hanson Hiss ◽  
James P. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Present State ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Methods Of Determination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Variable Factor

The results of the foregoing experiments may be briefly summarized as follows: The amount of antitoxic substance obtained by precipitation with magnesium sulphate from the blood-serum of the horse corresponds, as nearly as can be determined by the use of test guinea-pigs, in full to the protective power of the serum from which it is obtained, i. e. the precipitate from 1 cc. of serum will protect against the same amount of toxin as 1 cc. of the serum itself. Equal amounts of the precipitates by magnesium sulphate from immunized and non-immunized horses act differently toward toxin; i. e. the proportion of protective substance to the precipitate from non-immunized serum is exceedingly small as compared with the proportion of antitoxin to the precipitate from sera of immunized horses. The average precipitate from the sera of immunized horses, as obtained by magnesium sulphate, is more abundant than the average precipitate from sera of non-immunized horses. In the case of the same animal before and after immunization, the serum before immunization gives a less abundant precipitate with magnesium sulphate than the serum tested after immunization. The proportion of increase per unit of antitoxic strength for the same or different horses is not constant. This may be due to an increase of inactive substances (in their relation to diphtheric toxin) or to imperfect methods of determination. The precipitates obtained by magnesium sulphate give all the reactions recognized as characteristic of globulins, and as distinguishing them from other albuminous bodies. We are not warranted, then, in the present state of our knowledge, in considering any part of these precipitates as other than globulin. But it does seem warrantable to conclude, from the fact that the globulins of normal serum do not protect, or only in comparatively large amounts, against diphtheric toxin, that new globulins are formed, or rather greatly increased in the serum of immunized horses, and that these globulins protect against the toxin. These increased globulins and the inert globulins (which from obvious causes are a very variable factor) are both precipitated by magnesium sulphate. Every animal has a physiological and pathological history more or less widely diverging from the normal, hence absolute conformity in the results obtained is not to be expected, at least with our present methods of differentiation.

scholarly journals On the Formation of Specific Anti-Bodies in the Blood following upon Treatment with the Sera of different Animals, together with their Use in Legal Medicine

1901 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. F. Nuttall ◽  
E. M. Dinkelspiel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Legal Medicine ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Bacteriological Investigation

During the thirteen years which have elapsed since the publication of my researches upon the bactericidal properties of the blood and other fluids of the body, a large amount of most valuable knowledge has been acquired regarding the blood both in health and disease. Through the work of many investigators the complicated subject of immunity is gradually being solved, and we are beginning to understand the way in which the body combats or is protected against the inroads of disease. We have learnt of the existence of specific antitoxic, agglutinative, haemolytic, bactericidal and cellulicidal properties in the blood-serum, etc., as also of a number of neutralizing bodies to these. The quite recent discovery of specific precipitins, which act upon various bacterial products, milks, peptone, egg-albumin, and upon human blood and its derivates, has opened a wide field for investigation, which cannot fail to ultimately yield results of the greatest importance. We have to thank bacteriological investigation for the greater part of the advances which have been made, although a considerable portion properly belongs in the domain of physiology.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Antibody to Crystalline Egg Albumin in the Serum of Injected Rabbits

1936 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel E. Adair ◽  
G. L. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Egg Albumin

Two batches of pooled antisera obtained from rabbits injected with crystalline egg albumin have been fractionated with ammonium sulphate in order to investigate the distribution of the antibody to this antigen in the serum proteins.The albumin fractions contained no antibody.All the globulin fractions examined contained antibody, and flocculated readily when mixed with appropriate dilutions of the antigen.The distribution of antibody throughout the serum globulin was fairly uniform, the ratio of the antibody content to the protein concentration being the smallest in a fraction with a solubility in ammonium sulphate slightly lower than that of pseudoglobulin.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF THE PROTEINS

1922 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Joseph Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Protein Molecule ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Physicochemical Constant ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Heterogeneous Equilibrium ◽  
Protein Ions ◽  
Pure Protein ◽  
Milk Casein

1. Two proteins of the globulin type, serum globulin and tuberin, and the protein of milk, casein, have been purified (a) of the other proteins and (b) of the inorganic electrolytes with which they exist in nature. The methods that were employed are described. 2. All three proteins were found to be only very slightly soluble in water in the pure uncombined state. The solubility of each was accurately measured at 25.0° ± 0.1°C. The most probable solubility of the pseudoglobulin of serum was found to be 0.07 gm. in 1 liter; of tuberin 0.1 gm. and of casein 0.11 gm. The methods that were employed in their determination are described. 3. Each protein investigated dissolved in water to a constant and characteristic extent when the amount of protein precipitate with which the solution was in heterogeneous equilibrium was varied within wide limits. The solubility of a pure protein is therefore proposed as a fundamental physicochemical constant, which may be used in identifying and in classifying proteins. 4. The concentration of protein dissolved must be the sum of the concentration of the undissociated protein molecule which is in heterogeneous equilibrium with the protein precipitate, and of the concentration of the dissociated protein ions. 5. The dissociated ions of the dissolved protein give a hydrogen ion concentration to water that is also a characteristic of each protein.

Human Blood Serum Rich in Factor V

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 334-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Honorato
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Human Blood Serum ◽  
Factor V ◽  
The Stability

Summary1. A technique to obtain human serum rich in factor V is described.2. Calcium increases the stability of factor V in the serum.

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