scholarly journals THE ULTIMATE UNITS IN PROTEIN SOLUTIONS AND THE CHANGES WHICH ACCOMPANY THE PROCESS OF SOLUTION OF PROTEINS

1924 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Loeb ◽  
M. Kunitz
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
High Order ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Viscosity Measurements ◽  
Donnan Equilibrium ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

1. The experiments show that suspensions of finely divided particles of insoluble proteins incapable of swelling in acid (denatured egg albumin, casein trichloroacetate, sulfate, etc.) raise the viscosity of the suspension but little and that the influence of acid on the viscosity is negligible. 2. The same is true for solutions of certain genuine proteins such as genuine crystalline egg albumin. 3. In contrast with these are proteins which swell in acid. It can be shown that where acid swelling of particles occurs, the viscosity is of a higher order of magnitude than where the swelling of particles is impossible and that the influence of acid on viscosity runs in these cases parallel to the influence of acid on swelling. This is shown to be the case for casein in HCl. 4. It is shown that the swelling of the powdered particles which determines the high order of viscosity varies according to the theory of membrane equilibria. 5. These results are used to ascertain with the aid of viscosity measurements whether the ultimate units of genuine protein in solutions are aggregates large enough to give rise to a Donnan equilibrium; or whether they consist of particles below this limit; and in what porportion the two kinds of units are contained in the solution. 6. It is found on the basis of viscosity measurements that when 1 gm. of isoelectric casein is dissolved in HCl so that the solution has a pH of 2.45, more than one-half of 1 gm. of casein must exist as units too small to give rise to a Donnan equilibrium, while the rest must exist in units still capable of undergoing swelling in acid.

scholarly journals DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS

1921 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Loeb
Keyword(s):  
High Viscosity ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Gelatin Solution ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Donnan Equilibrium ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Protein Particles

1. The proof is completed that the influence of electrolytes on the viscosity of suspensions of powdered particles of gelatin in water is similar to the influence of electrolytes on the viscosity of solutions of gelatin in water. 2. It has been suggested that the high viscosity of proteins is due to the existence of a different type of viscosity from that existing in crystalloids. It is shown that such an assumption is unnecessary and that the high viscosity of solutions of isoelectric gelatin can be accounted for quantitatively on the assumption that the relative volume of the gelatin in solution is comparatively high. 3. Since isoelectric gelatin is not ionized, the large volume cannot be due to a hydration of gelatin ions. It is suggested that this high volume of gelatin solutions is caused by the existence in the gelatin solution of submicroscopic pieces of solid gelatin occluding water, the relative quantity of which is regulated by the Donnan equilibrium. This would also explain why the influence of electrolytes on the viscosity of gelatin solutions is similar to the influence of electrolytes on the viscosity of suspensions of particles of gelatin. 4. This idea is supported by experiments on solutions and suspensions of casein chloride in which it is shown that their viscosity is chiefly due to the swelling of solid particles of casein, occluding quantities of water regulated by the Donnan equilibrium; and that the breaking up of these solid particles into smaller particles, no longer capable of swelling, diminishes the viscosity. 5. This leads to the idea that proteins form true solutions in water which in certain cases, however, contain, side by side with isolated ions and molecules, submicroscopic solid particles capable of occluding water whereby the relative volume and the viscosity of the solution is considerably increased. This accounts not only for the high order of magnitude of the viscosity of such protein solutions but also for the fact that the viscosity is influenced by electrolytes in a similar way as is the swelling of protein particles. 6. We therefore reach the conclusion that there are two sources for the viscosity of protein solutions; one due to the isolated protein ions and molecules, and the other to the submicroscopic solid particles contained in the solution. The viscosity due to the isolated molecules and ions of proteins we will call the general viscosity since it is of a similar low order of magnitude as that of crystalloids in solution; while the high viscosity due to the submicroscopic solid protein particles capable of occluding water and of swelling we will call the special viscosity of protein solutions. Under ordinary conditions of hydrogen ion concentration and temperature (and in not too high a concentration of the protein in solution) the general viscosity due to isolated ions and molecules prevails in solutions of crystalline egg albumin and in solutions of metal caseinates (where the metal is monovalent) while under the same conditions the second type of viscosity prevails in solutions of gelatin and in solutions of acid-salts of casein; and also in solutions of crystalline egg albumin at a pH below 1.0 and at higher temperatures. The special viscosity is higher in solutions of gelatin than of casein salts for the probable reason that the amount of water occluded by the submicroscopic solid gel particles in a gelatin solution is, as a rule, considerably higher than that occluded by the corresponding particles of casein.

scholarly journals DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS

1921 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Loeb
Keyword(s):  
High Viscosity ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Donnan Equilibrium ◽  
Protein Ions ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Difference

1. Gelatin solutions have a high viscosity which in the case of freshly prepared solutions varies under the influence of the hydrogen ion concentration in a similar way as the swelling, the osmotic pressure, and the electromotive forces. Solutions of crystalline egg albumin have under the same conditions a comparatively low viscosity which is practically independent of the pH (above 1.0). This difference in the viscosities of solutions of the two proteins seems to be connected with the fact that solutions of gelatin have a tendency to set to a Jelly while solutions of crystalline egg albumin show no such tendency at low temperature and pH above 1.0. 2. The formulæ for viscosity demand that the difference in the order of magnitude of the viscosity of the two proteins should correspond to a difference in the relative volume occupied by equal masses of the two proteins in the same volume of solution. It is generally assumed that these variations of volume of dissolved proteins are due to the hydration of the isolated protein ions, but if this view were correct the influence of pH on viscosity should be the same in the case of solutions of gelatin, of amino-acids, and of crystalline egg albumin, which, however, is not true. 3. Suspensions of powdered gelatin in water were prepared and it was found, first, that the viscosity of these suspensions is a little higher than that of gelatin solutions of the same concentration, second, that the pH influences the viscosity of these suspensions similarly as the viscosity of freshly prepared gelatin solutions, and third, that the volume occupied by the gelatin in the suspension varies similarly as the viscosity which agrees with the theories of viscosity. It is shown that this influence of the pH on the volume occupied by the gelatin granules in suspension is due to the existence of a Donnan equilibrium between the granules and the surrounding solution.

VERY HIGH-ORDER SPATIALLY IMPLICIT SCHEMES FOR COMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS ON CURVILINEAR MESHES

2001 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 1259-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIGUEL R. VISBAL ◽  
DATTA V. GAITONDE
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Radiation Condition ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
High Order ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Decomposition Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spurious Modes ◽  
Very High ◽  
Computational Strategy

A high-order compact-differencing and filtering algorithm, coupled with the classical fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme, is developed and implemented to simulate aeroacoustic phenomena on curvilinear geometries. Several issues pertinent to the use of such schemes are addressed. The impact of mesh stretching in the generation of high-frequency spurious modes is examined and the need for a discriminating higher-order filter procedure is established and resolved. The incorporation of these filtering techniques also permits a robust treatment of outflow radiation condition by taking advantage of energy transfer to high-frequencies caused by rapid mesh stretching. For conditions on the scatterer, higher-order one-sided filter treatments are shown to be superior in terms of accuracy and stability compared to standard explicit variations. Computations demonstrate that these algorithmic components are also crucial to the success of interface treatments created in multi-domain and domain-decomposition strategies. For three-dimensional computations, special metric relations are employed to assure the fidelity of the scheme in highly curvilinear meshes. A variety of problems, including several benchmark computations, demonstrate the success of the overall computational strategy.

scholarly journals THE ABSORPTION OF PROTEIN SOLUTIONS FROM THE PULMONARY ALVEOLI

1937 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil K. Drinker ◽  
Madeleine Field Warren ◽  
Margaret MacLanahan
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Pulmonary Alveoli ◽  
The Right

Horse serum, crystallized hemoglobin, and crystallized egg albumin have been injected into the lung alveoli of dogs in which the entrances of the right lymphatics have been tied and the thoracic duct cannulated. Samples of blood and lymph have been taken following this injection. Only after several hours in the case of the horse serum and hemoglobin have these proteins been detected by immunological methods and invariably they have appeared first in the blood. Egg albumin also enters the blood capillaries, but much more rapidly than the other two proteins, due probably to the smaller molecular size.

Efficient and High-Quality Seeded Graph Matching: Employing Higher-order Structural Information

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Haida Zhang ◽  
Zengfeng Huang ◽  
Xuemin Lin ◽  
Zhe Lin ◽  
Wenjie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Graph Matching ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Personalized Pagerank ◽  
Matching Accuracy ◽  
Approximation Techniques ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Matching Score

Driven by many real applications, we study the problem of seeded graph matching. Given two graphs and , and a small set of pre-matched node pairs where and , the problem is to identify a matching between and growing from , such that each pair in the matching corresponds to the same underlying entity. Recent studies on efficient and effective seeded graph matching have drawn a great deal of attention and many popular methods are largely based on exploring the similarity between local structures to identify matching pairs. While these recent techniques work provably well on random graphs, their accuracy is low over many real networks. In this work, we propose to utilize higher-order neighboring information to improve the matching accuracy and efficiency. As a result, a new framework of seeded graph matching is proposed, which employs Personalized PageRank (PPR) to quantify the matching score of each node pair. To further boost the matching accuracy, we propose a novel postponing strategy, which postpones the selection of pairs that have competitors with similar matching scores. We show that the postpone strategy indeed significantly improves the matching accuracy. To improve the scalability of matching large graphs, we also propose efficient approximation techniques based on algorithms for computing PPR heavy hitters. Our comprehensive experimental studies on large-scale real datasets demonstrate that, compared with state-of-the-art approaches, our framework not only increases the precision and recall both by a significant margin but also achieves speed-up up to more than one order of magnitude.

scholarly journals WORKSHOP PENGEMBANGAN SOAL HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL (HOTS) BAGI GURU-GURU MGMP IPS KABUPATEN MALANG PELATIHAN PENYUSUNAN

2018 ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Neni Wahyuningtyas ◽  
Nurul Ratnawati
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
High Order ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
High Order Thinking Skill ◽  
High Order Thinking

Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompetensi pedagogik guru pada aspek pengembangan evaluasi hasil belajar masih bersifat konvesional. Maka dari itu, pengabdian di masyarakat yang dilakukan berasaskan pada tujuan meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam membuat soal yang dapat mendorong siswa untuk memiliki kemampuan menganalisis (C4), mengevaluasi (C5), dan mencipta (C6). Program yang dijalankan yaitu Pelatihan Penyusunan Soal High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) bagi GuruGuru MGMP IPS Kabupaten Malang. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah dengan mengungkap permasalahan yang muncul dikalangan para guru, kemudian dilakukan diskusi pengusul bersama mitra untuk merumuskan akar masalah prioritas yang disepakati, serta menentukan solusi yang tepat. Namun sebelum dilakukan diskusi atau pelatihan, terlebih dahulu pengusul melakukan koordinasi dengan guru-guru MGMP IPS Kabupaten Malang, koordinasi berkaitan dengan kegiatan sosialiasi. Keseluruhan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dapat dikatakan berhasil, meskipun belum semua peserta pendampingan menguasai cara menyusun soal HOTS.

scholarly journals Development of worksheet based on high-order thinking skills to improve high-order thinking skills of the students

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Yennita Yennita ◽  
Isra Khasyyatillah ◽  
Gibran Gibran ◽  
Mitri Irianti
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
High Order ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Higher Level Thinking ◽  
High Order Thinking

This research aimed to develop high order thinking skills  workheet in momentum, impulse, and collision topic for senior high school This type of research is Research and Development  follow 4D models, includes : define, design, develop and disseminate. Data collection instruments used validation sheets for given to 5 validator, Aspects assessed include graphic, presentation, language, and the contents of workheet. Based on the result of data analysis showed that all aspects got average score in the range of 3.4 to 4 with categories of  very high. Thus, high order thinking skills was valid. For the purposes of testing the worksheet is given on 68 students. to measure the effectiveness of worksheet used  Higher Level Thinking Ability Test that amounts to 12 items. Based on the result of data analysis indicate, There is difference of higher order thinking skill of students who use HOTS worksheet than who are not use HOTS worksheet, where the average Higher Order Thinking Skill on students who use HOTS worksheet higher

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS BELAJAR MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DENGAN BERORIENTASI PEMBELAJARAN HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS DAN KETERAMPILAN ABAD 21 SISWA SMP

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 652-664
Author(s):  
Mrs. Cik‘ani
Keyword(s):  
Model Problem ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
High Order ◽  
Problem Base Learning ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
High Order Thinking

Menurut peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan kebudayaan No. 103 tahun 2014 mengenai pembelajaran di tingkat pendidikan dasar dan menengah pasal 2 ayat 1, menjelaskan pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada Pendidikan dasar dan menengah harus berbasis aktivitas, kreatifitas dengan karakteristik. Amanat pemerintah mengharapkan peserta didik dapat mencapai berbagai kompetensi dengan penerapan pembelajaran HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) dan Keterampilan abad 21, dan hasil observasi dan wawancara di SMPN 2 Sukorejo aktivitas pembelajaran IPA, aspek pembelajaran berbasis masalah, tingkat berpikir HOTS dan keterampilan abad 21 masih rendah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian PTK (Penelitian Tindakan Kelas) dengan 2 siklus masing-masing siklus ada empat tahap dengan jenis diskriptif kualitatif, instrumen yang digunakan berupa : 1)lembar observasi, 2)lembar catatan lapangan dan 3)soal tes dan soal lembar kerja. Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan wawancara di SMPN 2 Sukorejo ditemukan data bahwa pembelajaran berbasis aktifitas dengan karakteristik yang sesuai dengan amanat Permendikbud No 103 tahun 2014 pasal 2 ayat 1 pada proses pembelajaran masih belum maksimal sehingga peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitihan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penerapan model pembelajaran PBL(Problem Based Learning) dapat meningkatkan aktifitas dengan karakteristik dengan berorientasi pada pembelajajaran HOTS dan keterampilan abad 21. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan rata-rata persentase aktivitas belajar siswa yakni 68,28% pada siklus 1 menjadi 83,8,% pada siklus II artinya ada peningkatan sebesar 15,52%, sedangkan untuk tingkat pemecahan masalah dari 63,8 % pada siklus 1 menjadi 78,975 % pada siklus II artinya ada peningkatan sebesar 15,175 %i Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model Problem Base Learning dengan berorientasi HOTS dan keterampilan abad 21 dapat meningkatkan aktifitas belajar dan keterampilan pemecahan masalah dengan karakteristik siswa.

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