scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOTILITY OF RABBIT SPERMATOZOA IN DILUTE SUSPENSION

1948 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Emmens ◽  
G. I. M. Swyer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Toxic Action ◽  
Concentrated Suspensions ◽  
Concentrated Suspension ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Dilute Suspension ◽  
Rabbit Spermatozoa

1. Rabbit spermatozoa suspended in Baker's solution rapidly lose motility at relatively high dilutions. At a concentration of 0.4 million per ml., the spermatozoa from most ejaculates are completely immotile within 2 or 3 hours. The same phenomenon occurs with chloride-free diluents and is therefore not due to the toxic action of chlorides. 2. This rapid immobilisation may be prevented by suspension in cell-free supernatants from other more concentrated suspensions of rabbit semen and by the accessory secretions from a vasectomised buck. The most effective supernatants are those prepared from suspensions of spermatozoa which have been left overnight before centrifuging. Immobilisation may also be prevented by many other agents, the most effective of which are gum arabic, starch, glycogen, and serum proteins (carbohydrate-containing or carbohydrate-free). Yet, in no case is the action of these substances as effective as more concentrated suspension in Baker's solution. 3. The immobilisation is not prevented by catalase, gelatin, agar, or sodium silicate. It is almost certainly not due to the toxic action of traces of heavy metals and is not affected by the use of water doubly distilled over glass in the preparation of the diluent, or by treating the diluent with activated charcoal. 4. Washing with Baker's solution does not cause immobilisation of spermatozoa suspended at 20 million per ml. at a stage at which the concentration of seminal plasma has been reduced to that equivalent to dilution to 0.4 million per ml. Further washing (six repeated centrifugings of 0.2 ml. semen in 4 ml. of Baker's solution) immobilises them. This confirms the opinion that loss of intracellular, or perhaps rather paracellular, material is a responsible agent in the dilution phenomenon.

scholarly journals THE MOTILITY OF RAM AND BULL SPERMATOZOA IN DILUTE SUSPENSION

1953 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Dilute Suspension ◽  
Considerable Loss

1. Ram and bull spermatozoa suspended in a glucose-sodium chloride solution rapidly lose motility at relatively high dilutions. The substitution of chloride-free diluents does not alter the phenomenon. 2. The rapid immobilization of ram and bull spermatozoa due to high dilution may be partially prevented by the addition of supernatants of either ram or bull semen, although motility is not maintained at the same level as in a more concentrated specimen. Various other substances which also partially protect spermatozoa are egg albumin, plasma albumin, plasma gamma globulin, starch, and glycogen. 3. Washing ram spermatozoa six times greatly reduces motility. This is not restored by the addition of ram seminal plasma which, however, reverses the concurrent head agglutination. 4. Washing ram and bull spermatozoa four times results in considerable loss of motility and head agglutination both of which may be reversed by the addition of seminal plasma. 5. Potassium chloride at 0.005 M concentration partially restores the motility of four times washed ram spermatozoa at 24°C. or 37°C. but not that of similarly treated bull spermatozoa.

Electrokinetic Research on the Dispersion Behavior of Nano-Ceria Particles in Concentrated Suspensions

2015 ◽  
Vol 645-646 ◽  
pp. 394-399
Author(s):  
Wei Gao ◽  
Qi Long Wei ◽  
Ling Ding ◽  
Xiao Yuan Li ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Concentrated Suspensions ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Concentrated Suspension ◽  
Original Solution ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Scale Method ◽  
Dispersion Behavior ◽  
Significant Difference

A multi-scale method was developed, which utilized intrinsic relationships among zeta potential of particles, rheological properties of suspensions and particle size distribution (PSD), to analyze dispersion behavior of nanoparticles in concentrated suspensions. It was found that PSD of a kind of nanoceria particles by dynamic light scattering (DLS) method in solution A with concentration 5 wt% accorded well with that by direct TEM analysis, which meant the particles had been dispersed well. However, there had a significant difference when the concentration was increased to 20 wt%. When particles concentration increased from 5 wt% to 20 wt%, zeta potential in solution A changed from-150 mV to-100 mV, while zeta potential in solution B changed from-35mV to-45 mV. Variations of zeta potential of particles accorded well with rheological properties of suspensions too, from phenomenological models. When the suspensions composed by solution A and the nanoparticles with concentration about 20 wt% was diluted with its original solution to 5 wt%, the PSD of nanoceria could be measured indirectly, which accorded well with both that of a suspension prepared directly with near concentration and that from TEM images. Then a method to measure PSD of nanoparticles in concentrated suspension was brought forward.

scholarly journals MICRURGICAL STUDIES IN CELL PHYSIOLOGY

1926 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Reznikoff
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Cation ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Toxic Action ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
A Cell

I. Plasmalemma. 1. The order of toxicity of the salts used in these experiments on the surface membrane of a cell, taking as a criterion viability of amebæ immersed in solutions for 1 day, is HgCl2, FeCl3> AlCl3> CuCl2> PbCl2> FeCl2. Using viability for 5 days as a criterion, the order of toxicity is PbCl2> CuCl2> HgCl2> AlCl3> FeCl3> FeCl2. 2. The rate of toxicity is in the order FeCl3> HgCl2> AlCl3> FeCl2> CuCl2> PbCl2. 3. The ability of amebæ to recover from a marked tear of the plasmalemma in the solutions of the salts occurred in the following order: AlCl3> PbCl2> FeCl2> CuCl2> FeCl3> HgCl2. II. Internal Protoplasm. 4. The relative toxicity of the salts on the internal protoplasm, judged by the recovery of the amebæ from large injections and the range over which these salts can cause coagulation of the internal protoplasm, is in the following order: PbCl2> CuCl2> FeCl3> HgCl2> FeCl2> AlCl3. 5. AlCl3 in concentrations between M/32 and M/250 causes a marked temporary enlargement of the contractile vacuole. FeCl2, FeCl3, and CuCl3 produce a slight enlargement of the vacuole. 6. PbCl2, in concentrations used in these experiments, appears to form a different type of combination with the internal protoplasm than do the other salts. III. Permeability. 7. Using the similarity in appearance of the internal protoplasm after injection and after immersion to indicate that the surface is permeable to a substance in which the ameba is immersed, it is concluded that AlCl3 can easily penetrate the intact plasmalemma. CuCl2 also seems to have some penetrating power. None of the other salts studied give visible internal evidence of penetrability into the ameba. IV. Toxicity. 8. The toxic action of the chlorides of the heavy metals used in these experiments, and of aluminum, is exerted principally upon the surface of the cell and is due not only to the action of the metal cation but also to acid which is produced by hydrolysis.

scholarly journals Some Heavy Metals Correlated Negatively with Total Antioxidant Capacity, Glutathione Peroxidase, Fructose, and Testosterone in Seminal Plasma of Oligospermic and Azoospermic Males

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Edidiong Peter Umoinyang ◽  
Ibioku Elekima ◽  
Donatus Onwuli
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical Laboratory Science ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters ◽  
Essential Heavy Metal

Aim: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between some heavy metals and total antioxidant capacities, glutathione levels, fructose, and testosterone in seminal plasma of infertile azoospermic and oligospermic males in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Study Design:  A cross-sectional design with a total of 124 males included in the study of which 32 were azoospermic, 38, oligospermic, and 54, normospermic. Place and Duration of Study: Semen samples were collected from the urology or fertility clinic of UUTH, St. Luke’s Hospital, Anua, and Ibom specialist hospital of Akwa Ibom State. However, laboratory assays were performed at the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt between May, 2018 and January, 2021. Methodology: Semen specimens were collected after 3-5 days abstinence according to WHO criteria while seminal plasma were obtained from semen by spinning at 4500 rpm for 10 minutes and stored at -700C prior to laboratory analysis. Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) was used to determine the levels of heavy metals while ELISA methods were used to determine testosterone and GSH concentrations. TAC and fructose assays were carried out using spectrophotometric methods. Results: Results showed that non-essential heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and arsenic correlated negatively with testosterone, fructose, and antioxidant activities of the seminal plasma in azoospermic subjects. In addition, lead and mercury correlated positively in the azoospermic subjects. Meanwhile, selenium, an essential heavy metal, correlated positively with testosterone and antioxidant activities in oligospermic subjects with 11-19 x106cells/ml. Conclusion: The levels of non-essential heavy metals in azoospermic subjects precipitated poor anti-oxidant and testosterone activities inducing oxidative stress while in oligospermic subjects, selenium and antioxidant parameters and testosterone were in good association indicating improved antioxidant activities and testicular function.

Effect of lifetime low dose exposure to heavy metals on selected serum proteins of Wistar rats during three subsequent generations

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1747-1755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnesa Lukačínová ◽  
Oliver Rácz ◽  
Eva Lovásová ◽  
František Ništiar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Serum Proteins

Structural transitions of hard-sphere colloids studied by spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1417-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timofei Krouglov ◽  
Wim G. Bouwman ◽  
Jeroen Plomp ◽  
M. Theo Rekveldt ◽  
Gert Jan Vroege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Scattering ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Hard Sphere ◽  
Small Angle Neutron Scattering ◽  
Crystalline State ◽  
Spin Echo ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Concentrated Suspension ◽  
Dilute Suspension

The structure of hard-sphere colloidal suspensions is measured at different concentrations using the recently developed spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering (SESANS) technique. It is shown that SESANS measures real-space correlations ranging from the size of a single particle for a dilute suspension to several particle diameters for a concentrated suspension, glass and crystalline state.

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