scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE

1921 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter W. Palmer ◽  
Dana W. Atchley ◽  
Robert F. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Cent Sodium

1. In pure gelatin solutions the conductivity of the solution increases with increasing concentrations, regardless of the hydrogen ion concentration. The actual value of the specific conductivity is greater at that reaction where the degree of ionization is greater. 2. The addition of gelatin in increasing concentrations to a 0.6 per cent sodium chloride solution affects the conductivity of that solution in two ways: (a) At pH 3.3, (where gelatin is highly ionized) the conductivity increases with each added increment of gelatin. (b) At pH 5.1 and 7.4 (where gelatin is less highly ionized) the conductivity decreases with each added increment of gelatin. A similar study is being made of crystalline egg albumin.

scholarly journals THE COLLOIDAL BEHAVIOR OF SERUM GLOBULIN

1922 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Potential Difference ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Electrometric Titration ◽  
Acids And Bases ◽  
Protein Serum ◽  
Colloidal Behavior

1. The globulin prepared from ox serum by dilution and precipitation with carbon dioxide has been found, by electrometric titration experiments, to behave like an amphoteric electrolyte, reacting stoichiometrically with acids and bases. 2. The potential difference developed between a solution of globulin chloride, phosphate, or acetate and a solution of the corresponding acid, free from protein, separated from the globulin by a collodion membrane, was found to be influenced by hydrogen ion concentration and salt concentration in the way predicted by Donnan's theory of membrane equilibrium. In experiments with sodium globulinate and sodium hydroxide it was found that the potential difference could be similarly explained. 3. The osmotic pressure of such solutions could be qualitatively accounted for by the Donnan theory, but exhibited a discrepancy which is explicable by analogy with certain experiments of Loeb on gelatin. 4. The application of Loeb's theory of colloidal behavior, which had previously been found to hold in the case of gelatin, casein, egg albumin, and edestin, has thus been extended to another protein, serum globulin.

scholarly journals A comparative study of winter wheat varieties with especial reference to winter-killing

1922 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Newton
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties ◽  
Hardened Condition

1. A number of varieties of winter wheat, known to vary considerably in degree of winter hardiness, were compared in the hardened condition with reference to the physical constants of the cell sap, and the content of dry matter, nitrogen, sugars and starch.2. No constant relation was found between depression of the freezing point, specific conductivity, or hydrogen-ion concentration of the cell sap and relative frost hardiness.3. Sugars accounted for 34 to 38 per cent, of the total osmotic pressure of the sap.

scholarly journals THE PULSE PRESSURE AS AN INDEX OF THE SYSTOLIC OUTPUT

1908 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percy M. Dawson ◽  
Lemuel W. Gorham
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Pulse Pressure ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Reliable Index ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Stimulation Of

On the basis of these facts we feel justified in making the following assertion: Under normal conditions and during various procedures (namely, stimulation of the vagus centrally and peripherally, of the saphenus nerve centrally, and of the annulus Vieussentis, intravenous transfusion of 0.7 per cent. sodium chloride solution, intra-arterial transfusion of strong carbonate, bleeding and asphyxia) the pulse pressure is a reliable index of the systolic output.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN THE APPARENT CYTOPLASMIC HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF AMEBA DUBIA ON INJECTION OF EGG ALBUMIN

1944 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marshak
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
The One

1. Egg albumin when injected into an ameba or discharged into the solution about it raises the apparent pH of the cytoplasm of the ameba. 2. With time the cytoplasm returns to the original pH 6.9 if the nucleus is present. Amebae that have received repeated injections of albumin in some cases extrude their nuclei. In these cells the cytoplasm remains at the more alkaline pH induced by the albumin for at least 12 hours. 3. When a 2 per cent solution of albumin is introduced into a suspension of amebae there is a temporary marked rise in the rate at which CO2 is given off with no corresponding rise in O2 uptake. 4. The results observed can be explained if the albumin discharged onto the surface of the ameba rapidly enters the cell and there becomes distributed in a phase of the cytoplasm other than the one which contains the phenol red.

scholarly journals TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GENERAL PERITONITIS IN THE DOG WITH ILEOSTOMY AND SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-530
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Orr ◽  
Russell L. Haden
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Not Given ◽  
General Peritonitis ◽  
Cent Sodium

1. In experimentally produced general peritonitis drainage of the gut by ileostomy 6 inches above the cecum has no beneficial effect. 2. Animals with experimentally produced general peritonitis treated with ileostomy plus 1 per cent sodium chloride solution live three times as long as those not given the salt solution.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Cent Sodium

Chemical changes are reported occurring in the blood of animals with obstruction of the jejunum, in which distilled water or sodium chloride solutions were introduced directly into the lumen of the intestine below the point of obstruction. Distilled water given daily from the beginning of the obstruction, had no influence on the development or course of the toxemia. 1 and 2 per cent salt solutions prevented a toxemia in uncomplicated cases. One animal so treated lived 30 days. Distilled water, given after the onset of toxemia, did not alter the progress or outcome of the toxemia. 10 per cent sodium chloride solution, administered after the onset of toxemia, controlled it in most cases for a long period. Hydrochloric acid had no effect on the course of the toxemia.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ACIDS ON THE DIGESTION OF PROTEINS BY PEPSIN

1919 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Northrop
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
The State ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Pepsin Digestion ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Blood Albumin ◽  
Salt Action

1. At equal hydrogen ion concentration the rate of pepsin digestion of gelatin, egg albumin, blood albumin, casein, and edestin is the same in solutions of hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric, oxalic, citric, and phosphoric acids. Acetic acid diminishes the rate of digestion of all the proteins except gelatin. 2. There is no evidence of antagonistic salt action in the effect of acids on the pepsin digestion of proteins. 3. The state of aggregation of the protein, i.e. whether in solution or not, and the viscosity of the solution have no marked influence on the rate of digestion of the protein.

scholarly journals THE COLLOIDAL BEHAVIOR OF PROTEINS

1921 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Sides

1. It is well known that neutral salts depress the osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity of protein-acid salts. Measurements of the P.D. between gelatin chloride solutions contained in a collodion bag and an outside aqueous solution show that the salt depresses the P.D. in the same proportion as it depresses the osmotic pressure of the gelatin chloride solution. 2. Measurements of the hydrogen ion concentration inside the gelatin chloride solution and in the outside aqueous solution show that the difference in pH of the two solutions allows us to calculate the P.D. quantitatively on the basis of the Nernst formula See PDF for Equation if we assume that the P.D. is due to a difference in the hydrogen ion concentration on the two sides of the membrane. 3. This difference in pH inside minus pH outside solution seems to be the consequence of the Donnan membrane equilibrium, which only supposes that one of the ions in solution cannot diffuse through the membrane. It is immaterial for this equilibrium whether the non-diffusible ion is a crystalloid or a colloid. 4. When acid is added to isoelectric gelatin the osmotic pressure rises at first with increasing hydrogen ion concentration, reaches a maximum at pH 3.5, and then falls again with further fall of the pH. It is shown that the P.D. of the gelatin chloride solution shows the same variation with the pH (except that it reaches its maximum at pH of about 3.9) and that the P.D. can be calculated from the difference of pH inside minus pH outside on the basis of Nernst's formula. 5. It was found in preceding papers that the osmotic pressure of gelatin sulfate solutions is only about one-half of that of gelatin chloride or gelatin phosphate solutions of the same pH and the same concentration of originally isoelectric gelatin; and that the osmotic pressure of gelatin oxalate solutions is almost but not quite the same as that of the gelatin chloride solutions of the same pH and concentration of originally isoelectric gelatin. It was found that the curves for the values for P.D. of these four gelatin salts are parallel to the curves of their osmotic pressure and that the values for pH inside minus pH outside multiplied by 58 give approximately the millivolts of these P.D. In this preliminary note only the influence of the concentration of the hydrogen ions on the P.D. has been taken into consideration. In the fuller paper, which is to follow, the possible influence of the concentration of the anions on this quantity will have to be discussed.

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