scholarly journals THE FLICKER RESPONSE CONTOUR FOR THE ISOPOD ASELLUS

1939 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Crozier ◽  
Ernst Wolf ◽  
Gertrud Zerrahn-Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Integral Formulation ◽  
Relative Dispersion ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Flicker Response ◽  
The Common ◽  
Probability Integral

The flicker response contour for the isopod Asellus is a simple probability integral (F - log I) over the whole determinable range (F = 1 to 51). This contrasts with the "distorted" asymmetrical curves obtained with Apis, Anax, and other arthropods with large convex eyes. The explanation of the distortion as due to mechanical conditions affecting photoreception is therefore confirmed, as the structure of the Asellus eye does not make such a factor likely to be expected for this case. The Asellus curve agrees with the only other available complete and uncomplicated flicker response contour (from Pseudemys, turtle with rod-free retina), in showing the superiority of the probability integral formulation as compared with certain others which have been suggested. It is noted as a curious and probably important fact that the relative dispersion of the intensity thresholds (σ'log I) for the elements implicated in determining the flicker contour appears to be identical in bee, dragon fly nymph, and isopod. Other relevant information derived from similar experiments with vertebrates shows that this quantity is specifically determined by the organization of the animal. The nature of the common feature of neural organization in three such diverse arthropods, as contrasted with the diversity seen within one class of vertebrates (e.g., teleosts), remains to be discovered.

scholarly journals THE FLICKER RESPONSE CONTOUR FOR PHRYNOSOMA (HORNED LIZARD; CONE RETINA)

1941 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Crozier ◽  
Ernst Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Intensity Level ◽  
Flash Intensity ◽  
Flicker Response ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Probability Integral

The lizard Phrynosoma, with purely cone retina, provides a simplex flicker response contour (log critical flash intensity as a function of flash frequency). It is well described as a normal probability integral (F - log I). The Phrynosoma curve differs markedly, in higher slope and in higher median intensity level, from that obtained under the same conditions for the turtle Pseudemys, also with entirely cone retina. Other comparisons having a bearing on the duplexity doctrine are discussed.

scholarly journals Improved Memetic Algorithm Enabled Intelligent Multi Agent (IMAEIMA) System for Web Mining

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3198-3203
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Web Mining ◽  
Memetic Algorithm ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Common People ◽  
User Request ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
The Common ◽  
Logarithmic Weight ◽  
Improved Memetic Algorithm

Wider web space, the searching of a relevant data is the most curious problem for the common people accessing the web. For retreving the relevant information the user request is given to search engine. The relevant pages combined with irrelevant pages are returned to the user. The proposed work emphasizes an Improved Memetic Algorithm Enabled Intelligent Multi Agent (IMAEIMA) for searching the most appropriate pages when submitting complex queries. Improved Memetic algorithm is the traditional genetic algorithm combined with local search and random selection. In this proposed system Improved Memetic algorithm additionally enhanced with logarithmic weight function for more accuracy. Intelligent Agents are introduced in this IMAEIMA to improve its performance and accuracy by reacting intelligently based on feedback and previous experience. This system helps to retrieve relevant pages from web databases with high precision and recall. The derived architecture reveals greater precision and recall overriding the conventional search algorithms.

La percezione della qualitŕ dei prodotti tipici da parte del consumatore in Sicilia

2012 ◽  
pp. 143-172
Author(s):  
Gaetano Chinnici ◽  
Biagio Pecorino ◽  
Alessandro Scuderi
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
National Level ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Farm Produce ◽  
The Common ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Increasing Demand

The common agricultural policy over the years has expanded the tools of promotion and protection of farm produce quality. At the national level but also from Europe we are witnessing a change in consumer behavior: they become more and more relevant information needs, safety and food security, increasing demand for quality products and the willingness to pay for those products that meet consumer expectations. The paper focuses on the perceived quality of local products in order to identify those variables that influence purchasing decisions and dietary habits and consumer group. The survey was conducted using a principal components analysis to summarize the information that characterizes the choices of consumption, followed by cluster analysis which allowed us to confirm the presence of different segments of consumers of local products.

Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events: Methods for item selection in industry-sponsored oncology clinical trials

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 616-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C Trask ◽  
Amylou C Dueck ◽  
Elisabeth Piault ◽  
Alicyn Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Oncology Clinical Trials ◽  
The Common

As new cancer treatment regimens demonstrate increased potential to improve patients’ survival, more focus is directed toward the quality of that extension of life and to obtaining additional information from patients regarding their experience with treatment. The utility of capturing patient-reported treatment-related symptoms to complement traditional clinician-rated symptomatic adverse event reporting is well-documented. The National Cancer Institute’s Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events is an item library aimed at capturing patient-reported symptoms to inform the patient perspective on a treatment’s tolerability. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recommended using the Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events in clinical trials. A practical guideline is needed to inform a priori selection of specific Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events items for use in any given industry-sponsored oncology clinical trial. Standardizing this selection process will foster systematic and consistent data collection as part of drug development and enhance our knowledge on how to use patient-relevant information as part of a treatment’s risk/benefit assessment. This article presents methods and consensus recommendations for selecting specific Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events items to include in early-phase and late-phase oncology clinical trials.

Harmonization, Comparability, and Fair Value Accounting

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benzion Barlev ◽  
Joshua Rene Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Fair Value Accounting ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ◽  
Historical Cost ◽  
The Common

In this paper, we focus on the relationships between international accounting harmonization (IAH) and the paradigm of Fair Value Accounting (FVA). Accountants rely on the accounting concept of comparability in defining IAH and are in agreement that a set of internationally implemented Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is required for a “complete harmonization.” We argue, however, that a second requirement—a common denominator for measuring, recording, and reporting business transactions, assets, liabilities, and equities—is necessary to reach a state of a “complete IAH.” We explain the logic behind the requirement of a common denominator and assert that IAH is feasible under the paradigm of FVA, but not under that of Historical Cost Accounting (HCA). This is true because the concept of fair value, but not historical cost, provides the common denominator necessary for a meaningful comparison of accounting data. We then argue that the paradigm of FVA acts as a catalyst in a harmonization cycle: FVA propels IAH and IAH provides more relevant information that may foster the efficiency of global markets, which improves the quality of the FVA figures.

scholarly journals THE FLICKER RESPONSE CONTOUR FOR THE GECKO (ROD RETINA)

1939 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Crozier ◽  
Ernst Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Visual Performance ◽  
Histological Evidence ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Flicker Response ◽  
Intensity Range ◽  
Probability Integral ◽  
Equivalent Conditions

The flicker response contour for the gecko Sphaerodactylus (retina with only rods) agrees in all essential respects (intensity range, shape) with that for the turtle Pseudemys (cone retina), as determined under equivalent conditions with the same apparatus. With experimentally determined correction for the expansion of the iris at the very lowest intensities, the F - log I contour for the gecko is a simple probability integral. Its maximum F is lower than that for other animals; this means simply a smaller number of available sensory elements. The quantitative parallelism in the magnitudes of the intensities at the inflection of F - log I and the shape constants for rod and cone animals show that assumptions from comparative histological evidence concerning the properties of rods and cones in relation to visual performance may be quite misleading.

scholarly journals THE SIMPLEX FLICKER THRESHOLD CONTOUR FOR THE ZEBRA FINCH

1941 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Crozier ◽  
Ernst Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Zebra Finch ◽  
Visual Theory ◽  
Time Ratio ◽  
Flicker Response ◽  
Dark Time ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Probability Integral ◽  
Critical Intensity

The flicker response contour has been determined, with equality of light-dark time ratio, for the diurnal bird the Australian zebra finch. This bird has only cones in the retina. The curve of log critical intensity as a function of flash frequency is simplex, a normal probability integral. In this respect it is like that for other vertebrates not exhibiting visual duplexity. The parameters of the curve most closely approach those for the turtle Pseudemys (extrapolated to about the same temperature); it is not improbable that the approximation of these two curves would be less close for other values of the light-time fraction. Some points of interpretive visual theory are discussed in relation to the present measurements.

scholarly journals THEORY AND MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL MECHANISMS

1942 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Crozier ◽  
Ernst Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integral Form ◽  
Statistical Nature ◽  
Lower Segment ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Flicker Response ◽  
Sensory Effects ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Neural Integration ◽  
Probability Integral ◽  
Cone Curve

Flicker response curves (man) obtained with images formed entirely within the fovea are like those secured with lower animals having only one general class of retinal receptors. They are normal probability integrals (F vs. log Im), and the properties of their parameters agree with those for visually simplex animals and for the "cone" portions of contours exhibiting visual duplexity. By several different procedures, involving experimental modifications of the "cone" curve, the "rod" part of the typical human duplex curve can be obtained free from overlapping by the extrapolated "cone" curve. It then has the probability integral form which the lower segment does not directly exhibit when combined with "cone" effects. These results are discussed with reference to the statistical nature of the fundamental form of the flicker contour and to the interpretation of duplex curves produced by the neural integration of two independently modifiable groups of sensory effects.

scholarly journals Demographic and autopsy characteristics of drowning deaths in a major autopsy center of Gandaki province of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Madan Prasad Baral ◽  
Nuwadatta Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Autopsy Report ◽  
Autopsy Examination ◽  
The Common

Background: Autopsy examination is mandatory in all unnatural deaths as per law of Nepal and thus all deaths due to drowning are undergone medico legal autopsy. This study aims to analyze the demographic and autopsy characteristics of drowning deaths in cases brought for medico legal autopsy at a major autopsy center of Gandaki province of Nepal. Methods: This study was conducted based on review of database in a period of two years among 53 corpses of drowning related deaths. The demographic data and relevant information from the inquest and autopsy report of such cases were collected and presented. Result: The commonest age group involved in drowning deaths was <20 years, attributing to 22 (41.5%) cases, and with males (41, 77.4%) more common than females. Suicidal drowning (34, 64.2%) was the commonest manner. Maximum (19, 35.8%) deaths occurred in the rainy season and on lakes (34, 64.1%). Conclusion: Drowning deaths were more common among males of young age groups. Most of the drownings occurred during the rainy season, lakes were the common sites of drowning, and the commonest manner was suicidal.

scholarly journals THE FLICKER RESPONSE CONTOUR FOR THE FROG

1939 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Crozier ◽  
Ernst Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Flicker Response ◽  
Sensory Effects ◽  
Probability Integral ◽  
Cone Curve ◽  
Homogeneous Data

The flicker response contour for the frog Rana pipiens exhibits the duplex character typical for most vertebrates. By comparison (under the same conditions of temperature, 21.5°, and light-time fraction, = 0.5), the low intensity section of the F - log I curve is the smallest thus far found. The cone portion of the curve is satisfactorily described by a probability integral. The rod part represents the addition of a small group of sensory effects upon the lower end of the cone curve, from which it can be analytically separated. The relation between the two groups of sensory effects permits certain tests of the rule according to which (in homogeneous data) Im and σ1I1 are in direct proportion.

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