scholarly journals THE POTENTIAL AND RESPIRATION OF FROG SKIN

1937 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Ponder ◽  
John Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Homologous Series ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Frog Skin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Entire System ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Other Hand

Measurements of the O2 consumption and of the potential of frog skin, made under comparable conditions, show that the homologous carbamates (ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl) reduce both the O2 consumption and the potential, but not in a similar manner. In this respect, the effect of the carbamates is like the effect of reduction in O2 tension. The simple lysins (saponin and the bile salts), on the other hand, abolish the potential without reducing the O2 consumption at all. Irrespective of whether one considers the concentration of carbamate in the entire system or the amount of carbamate adsorbed by the frog skin, Traube's rule relating the effect of a carbamate to its position in the homologous series does not seem to apply.

The inhibition of chymotrypsin A4 with a homologous series of chloromethyl ketone reagents

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Stevenson ◽  
Lawrence B. Smillie
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Imidazole Ring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chloromethyl Ketone ◽  
Basic Group ◽  
Acid Hydrolysate ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hydrophobic Binding ◽  
Chymotrypsin A

The inactivation of chymotrypsin A4 (CHT-A4) by a homologous phenylalkyl series of bifunctional reagents, viz. phenyl chloromethyl ketone (PCK), benzyl chloromethyl ketone (BCK), and β-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (βPECK) (C6H5 [CH2]n COCH2Cl where n = 0, 1, or 2), has been investigated. The inactivation of CHT-A4 by PCK has been shown to be essentially pH independent whereas inactivation by BCK and βPECK appears to be dependent on a basic group of pK 6.0–6.3. PCK has been shown to inhibit CHT-A4 by virtue of the complete S-alkylation of methionine-192. BCK and βPECK, on the other hand, inactivate CHT-A4 through a combination of partial S-alkylation of methionine-192 (0.2 and 0.3 residue, respectively) and partial alkylation of histidine-57 (0.2 and 0.4 residue, respectively). Identification of the particular residue alkylated was obtained through the isolation and analysis of alkylated and oxidized peptic peptides obtained from the alkylated CHT-A4 by the diagonal peptide ionophoresis technique.The initial site of alkylation of BCK and βPECK on the imidazole ring of histidine-57 has not been identified. However, a unique histidine derivative has been isolated from the acid hydrolysate of oxidized histidine-57 peptide from CHT-A4–βPECK and is suggested to be 2(or 4)-hydroxymethylhistidine.On the basis of the present studies on the phenylalkyl series and on studies reported earlier on a phenylalkylamido halomethyl ketone series of bifunctional reagents which alkylates only methionine in CHT-A4, it has been suggested that alkylation of histidine by members of the phenylalkyl series is primarily a result of binding to the hydrophobic binding site of CHT-A4 rather than binding to the acylamido binding site as is suggested to be the case for the phenylalkylamido series.

scholarly journals Rolul vinovăției în funcționarea remediilor pentru neexecutarea contractului

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-902
Author(s):  
Ionuț-Florin Popa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Liability ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
The Other ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Simple Condition ◽  
Breach Of Contract ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Legal Situation

The principle of guilt is traditionally considered as being the basis of civil liability. In contractual matter, for a long period of time, it was considered that the rights of the creditor under the assumption of non performance were conditional upon the existence of the guilt of the debtor in non execution. The entry into force of the New Civil Code offered the opportunity of a broad based discussion related to the conditions for applying remedies for the non performance of the contract. The essence of these debates is represented by the condition itself of the guilt in the activation and operation of remedies. The study aims at demonstrating that, actually, the opposition existing between the subjectivist thesis (according to which guilt is a condition of remedies) and the objectivist thesis (which states the opposite) is without a real practical stake. In essence, guilt remains a simple condition of a form of contractual non performance – breach of contract –, and not a condition of activation of remedies. On the other hand, remedies are subject to a variety of rules which often make it difficult their suitability for the legal situation called into question. Although factualism underlies the application of remedies, a set of rules applicable to the entire system of remedies is identifiable starting from the assumption that the suitable remedy is found for any non performance.

scholarly journals Solubilization of lipids from hamster bile-canalicular and contiguous membranes and from human erythrocyte membranes by conjugated bile salts

1987 ◽  
Vol 242 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Graham ◽  
T C Northfield
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Human Erythrocyte ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Critical Micellar Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Liquid Crystal System ◽  
Phospholipid Ratio

We have demonstrated in vitro the efficacy of the taurine-conjugated dihydroxy bile salts deoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate in solubilizing both cholesterol and phospholipid from hamster liver bile-canalicular and contiguous membranes and from human erythrocyte membrane. On the other hand, the dihydroxy bile salt ursodeoxycholate and the trihydroxy bile salt cholate solubilize much less lipid. The lipid solubilization by the four bile salts correlated well with their hydrophobicity: glycochenodeoxycolate, which is more hydrophobic than the tauro derivative, also solubilized more lipid. All the dihydroxy bile salts have a threshold concentration above which lipid solubilization increases rapidly; this correlates approximately with the critical micellar concentration. The non-micelle-forming bile salt dehydrocholate solubilized no lipid at all up to 32 mM. All the dihydroxy bile acids are much more efficient at solubilizing phospholipid than cholesterol. Cholate does not show such a pronounced discrimination. Lipid solubilization by chenodeoxycholate was essentially complete within 1 min, whereas that by cholate was linear up to 5 min. Maximal lipid solubilization with chenodeoxycholate occurred at 8-12 mM; solubilization by cholate was linear up to 32 mM. Ursodeoxycholate was the only dihydroxy bile salt which was able to solubilize phospholipid (although not cholesterol) below the critical micellar concentration. This similarity between cholate and ursodeoxycholate may reflect their ability to form a more extensive liquid-crystal system. Membrane specificity was demonstrated only inasmuch as the lower the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in the membrane, the greater the fractional solubilization of cholesterol by bile salts, i.e. the total amount of cholesterol solubilized depended only on the bile-salt concentration. On the other hand, the total amount of phospholipid solubilized decreased with increasing cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in the membrane.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Don’t Put Me in This Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Jort de Vreeze ◽  
Christina Matschke
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group Memberships

Abstract. Not all group memberships are self-chosen. The current research examines whether assignments to non-preferred groups influence our relationship with the group and our preference for information about the ingroup. It was expected and found that, when people are assigned to non-preferred groups, they perceive the group as different to the self, experience negative emotions about the assignment and in turn disidentify with the group. On the other hand, when people are assigned to preferred groups, they perceive the group as similar to the self, experience positive emotions about the assignment and in turn identify with the group. Finally, disidentification increases a preference for negative information about the ingroup.

ON THE OTHER HAND

1961 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 222-223
Author(s):  
Edwin G. Boring
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand
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