scholarly journals STUDIES IN THE DYNAMICS OF HISTOGENESIS

1920 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eben J. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Circular Smooth Muscle ◽  
Epithelial Tube ◽  
Smooth Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Mitotic Figures ◽  
Muscle Coat

1. The region of most active mitosis per mm. of cross-section in the intestine is the entodermal epithelial tube. The mitotic figures primarily follow the path of a right-handed helix. In one of the twenty embryos the mitotic figures describe the path of a right-handed helix. 2. The region of least active or relatively passive growth per mm. of cross-section is the mesenchyme, derived from the splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the epithelial tube. 3. The rapid expansion, due to epithelial growth in a rotating spiral manner, of the intestinal lumen is greater than the activity manifest in the surrounding mesenchyme. This causes a pressure in the latter resulting in a flattening and elongation of the mesenchymal cells. The successive changes in shape of these cells through the spherical, ellipsoidal, and spindle cellular phases are seen. The mesenchymal wall decreases in thickness, due to tension caused by epithelial tubular dilation. 4. The rotating spiral growth of the epithelial cells causes the formation of a series of mesenchymal cellular and fibrillar concentric rings due to the centripetal force of the former. 5. The circular, smooth muscle cells are differentiated in the outer, more condensed margins of the ring. At these points the developing tensional stresses are greater than within the ring. 6. The inner circular smooth muscle coat is the first one differentiated and is incident to the rapid growth of the epithelial tube in diameter. The former soon tends to restrict the growth of the epithelial tube in diameter. The tube, pursuing the lines of least resistance, grows in length. During the period of rapid growth in length the outer longitudinal muscle coat is in the process of formation. 7. The tensional stresses to which the elongated strained mesenchymal cells are subjected appear to be a dynamic stimulus to smooth muscle differentiation. 8. From this study of a closely graded and progressive series of sections of intestinal development, the conclusion is drawn that muscle tissue is not self-differentiating, in the strict sense of the term, but that the tension of differential growth acts as the stimulus to smooth muscle differentiation.

Embryonic mesenchymal cells share the potential for smooth muscle differentiation: myogenesis is controlled by the cell's shape

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (13) ◽  
pp. 3027-3033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yang ◽  
N.K. Relan ◽  
D.A. Przywara ◽  
L. Schuger
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Membrane Potentials ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Visceral Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Differentiation

Undifferentiated embryonic mesenchymal cells are round/cuboidal in shape. During development, visceral myogenesis is shortly preceded by mesenchymal cell elongation. To determine the role of the cell's shape on smooth muscle development, undifferentiated embryonic mesenchymal cells from intestine (abundant visceral muscle), lung (some visceral muscle) or kidney (no visceral muscle) were plated under conditions that maintained cell rounding or promoted elongation. Regardless of their fate in vivo, all the cells differentiated into smooth muscle upon elongation as indicated by the expression of smooth muscle-specific proteins and the development of membrane potentials of −60 mV and voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents, characteristic of excitable cells. Smooth muscle differentiation occurred within 24 hours and was independent of cell proliferation. Regardless of their fate in vivo, all the round cells remained negative for smooth muscle markers, had membrane potentials of −30 mV and showed no voltage-activated current. These cells, however, differentiated into smooth muscle upon elongation. The role of the cell's shape in controlling smooth muscle differentiation was not overcome by treatment with retinoic acid, TGF-beta1, PDGF BB or epithelial-conditioned medium (all modulators of smooth muscle differentiation). These studies suggest that the mesenchymal cell shape plays a main role in visceral myogenesis.

cFKBP/SMAP; a novel molecule involved in the regulation of smooth muscle differentiation

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (18) ◽  
pp. 3535-3542 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Fukuda ◽  
Y. Tanigawa ◽  
G. Fujii ◽  
S. Yasugi ◽  
S. Hirohashi
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Fk506 Binding Protein ◽  
Smooth Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Muscle Precursor Cells

During embryogenesis, smooth muscle cells of the gut differentiate from mesenchymal cells derived from splanchnic mesoderm. We have isolated a gene involved in the differentiation of smooth muscle cells in the gut using differential display between the chicken proventriculus in which the smooth muscle layer develops poorly and the gizzard in which smooth muscles develop abundantly. The protein encoded by this gene showed highest similarity to mouse FK506 binding protein, FKBP65, and from the function of this protein it was designated chicken FKBP/smooth muscle activating protein (cFKBP/SMAP). cFKBP/SMAP was first expressed in smooth muscle precursor cells of the gut and, after smooth muscles differentiate, expression was restricted to smooth muscle cells. In organ culture of the gizzard, the differentiation of smooth muscle cells was inhibited by the addition of FK506, the inhibitor of FKBPs. Moreover, overexpression of cFKBP/SMAP in lung and gizzard mesenchymal cells induced smooth muscle differentiation. In addition, cFKBP/SMAP-induced smooth muscle differentiation was inhibited by FK506. We postulate therefore that cFKBP/SMAP plays a crucial role in smooth muscle differentiation in the gut and provides a powerful tool to study smooth muscle differentiation mechanisms, which have been poorly analyzed so far.

scholarly journals Malignant Melanoma with Probable Smooth Muscle Differentiation

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Morimoto ◽  
Jun Asai ◽  
Yusuke Wakabayashi ◽  
Satoshi Komori ◽  
Keiji Hanada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Smooth Muscle Differentiation

scholarly journals Urothelium-derived Sonic hedgehog promotes mesenchymal proliferation and induces bladder smooth muscle differentiation

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Cao ◽  
Gregory Tasian ◽  
Ming-Hsien Wang ◽  
Benchun Liu ◽  
Gerald Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Bladder Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Differentiation
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