scholarly journals BOUND WATER IN MUSCLE

1934 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Unfrozen Water ◽  
Initial Freezing

1. The amount of free unfrozen water, i.e. water acting as normal solvent, in frog's muscle at temperatures below the initial freezing-point has been calculated from the vapour pressure isotherm of the muscle. 2. Significant amounts of free water are present at –20°C. The total amount of unfrozen water at –20°C. cannot, therefore, be taken as a measure of the bound water in muscle. 3. The calculated values of free water, when compared with experimentally determined values of total unfrozen water, indicate that the amount of bound water in muscle at various temperatures is small. 4. A temperature considerably below –20°C., roughly between –40° and –60°C., is required to freeze completely the free water in muscle.

The Osmotic Relations Between White and Yolk in the Hen's Egg

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-331
Author(s):  
J. B. BATEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Active Substances

1. The existence of a real osmotic difference between white and yolk of the hen's egg has been confirmed. 2. Hill's vapour-pressure thermopiles are shown to be reliable when used with viscous protein solutions such as egg-yolk. 3. The vapour-pressure changes which occur on mixing white and yolk indicate a removal of osmotically active substances. They do not agree with the freezing-point determinations of Straub. 4. The bearing of this result on the osmotic changes occurring in the fertilised and unfertilised egg is discussed. 5. The effects of diluting white and yolk with water and with various salt solution is studied from the point of view of 3 (above) and in relation to the problem of bound water. It is concluded that the amount of bound water in both white and yolk is small. The effect of solid sodium chloride on the vapour pressure of these substances confirms this conclusion. 6. Urea appears to dissolve in egg-white with normal depression of vapour pressure; urea and sodium lactate are largely removed from solution when added to yolk. Glucose is not so removed.

Analysis on Unfrozen Water Content of Mohe Permafrost Based on NMR Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 1185-1188
Author(s):  
Hao Lin Yu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yuan Shun Ma ◽  
Xue Yan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Unfrozen Water ◽  
Nmr Method ◽  
Unfrozen Water Content ◽  
Ice Content ◽  
Function Relationship

Unfrozen water content has an important influence on the physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil. Little research has been done on unfrozen water content of permafrost in the Northeast Region, China, so the experimental investigation was performed on Mohe permafrost (4 kinds of samples were taken from 4 kinds of undisturbed frozen soil) based on NMR method, and the relationship and between frozen temperatures (-1°C, -4°C, -7°C, -11°C, -14°C, -16°C) and unfrozen water content was obtained. The test results indicate that, Unfrozen water content decreased with the reduction of frozen temperature of permafrost and there was a power function relationship between unfrozen water content and frozen temperature. The unfrozen water content reduction of No.3 sample was the slowest, because it had the lowest water content and the least frost-heave and thawed amount. It also can be attained that ice content of Mohe permafrost became more and more, but bound water and free water content got less and less while frozen temperature fell continuously.

scholarly journals Electrical Conductivity-Based Estimation of Unfrozen Water Content in Saturated Saline Frozen Sand

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Zejin Lai ◽  
Xiaodong Zhao ◽  
Rui Tang ◽  
Jinhong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Conductivity Measurement ◽  
Unfrozen Water ◽  
Essential Difference ◽  
Unfrozen Water Content

The salinity of the pore solution is closely associated with the unfrozen water content and can be reflected by variation in electrical conductivity in frozen soils. However, the influence of salinity was not considered in the existing models for estimation of unfrozen water content based on electrical conductivity measurement, and a model considering the effect of salt content was therefore developed to estimate the change of unfrozen water content of saline sands with variation of salt content (0%, 0.2%, and 1%). The unfrozen water content and the electrical resistivity were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NRM) and using resistance test equipment under a temperature ranging from 25°C to −15°C, respectively. The results indicated that the model using a cementation exponent expressed by a piecewise function with respect to temperature can produce a reasonable estimation on the content of unfrozen water. There was an essential difference between nonsaline and saline frozen sands in the increase of electrical resistivity due to the different reduction rates of unfrozen water content. The variation of electrical resistivity in nonsaline sand was mainly caused by the decrease of free water when temperature was higher than the freezing point and adsorbed water when temperature was lower than the freezing point, whereas the reduction of free water in two stages was the main reason for the variation of electrical resistivity in saline sand. The results and data obtained provided a basis for further developing a novel approach to measure the unfrozen water content in the field.

THE FREEZING OF WATER IN FISH MUSCLE AND IN GELATIN

1932 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Mennie
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Unfrozen Water ◽  
Capacity Curves ◽  
Calorimetric Measurements ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
Thermal Data ◽  
Heat Capacity Measurements

From the calorimetric measurements of Chipman and Langstroth (4) an estimate is made of the percentage of water frozen at temperatures down to − 20 °C. in samples of muscle from different species of fish. It is pointed out that if such measurements are to be used for the estimation of "bound" water, it must be known what portion of the water is kept from freezing by any inorganic salts that are present. Heat-capacity measurements on a 1.7% sodium chloride solution are given, and are shown to agree well with values calculated from available thermal data with the aid of the freezing-point curve. Heat-capacity curves for dry gelatin and 20, 40 and 66% gels are given. The unfrozen water in these gels at temperatures down to − 20 °C. is estimated and compared with results obtained by other methods.

Development of a calorimetric method for measuring the content of unfrozen water in soil at a negative temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Boris V. Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Calorimetric Method ◽  
Experimental Point ◽  
Unfrozen Water

The paper considers the task of determining the content of unfrozen water in frozen dispersed soils. It is known that the phase transformation of pore water into a solid phase at the freezing point is subject only to free water, which is not influenced by long-range electromolecular forces between the active centers of the surface of soil particles and water molecules. Distortion of the structure of pore water, called bound, leads to a decrease in its freezing temperature, and its amount is functionally dependent on the dispersion of the soil. The presence of liquid water in an array of frozen soil leads to a decrease in its strength properties, being a determining factor at near-zero temperatures. Therefore, along with other properties of frozen soil, the content of unfrozen water is an important criterion for calculating strength, thermophysical, and mass transfer processes. To quantify the content of unfrozen water, as well as determine the dependence of humidity on temperature, the calorimetric method is usually used, with its inherent disadvantages. In the work, to solve this problem, a method was developed based on the principles of calorimetry, but fundamentally different in the way of measuring the energy of phase transformations. The essence of the method is to continuously fix the energy released from the frozen sample to a predetermined temperature using a heat flux density sensor, and to continuously measure the soil’s own temperature. The standard calorimetric test procedure was adapted to process the results of a new experimental setup. The advantages of the new method for measuring the content of unfrozen water over the traditional calorimetric method are substantiated, first of all, this is a smaller number of experiments to obtain one experimental point. The applicability of the installation for studying equilibrium and nonequilibrium freezing processes of wet soil, including those with a high salt content in pore water, is shown. Comparisons of the results obtained by the calorimetric and proposed methods for the same soil showed sufficient convergence of the data, taking into account the difficulty of reproducing the experiments.

Determine the Moisture Distribution in Sewage Sludge by Drying Differential

2014 ◽  
Vol 665 ◽  
pp. 404-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Yu ◽  
Pei Sheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Interstitial Water ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Critical Water Content

Moisture distribution in sewage sludge was considered as the essential of thermal drying. Some methods were given in literatures to test the moisture distribution, but there was no standard method to determine the critical water content between different kinds of water. The municipal sewage sludge was dried by hot air in this work. Based on the drying curve, the derivative of drying rate with respect to dry basis moisture content was brought out to analyze the moisture distribution in sewage sludge. Results show that this method can easily determine the free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water with a high accuracy. The present work can provide new insight to determine the moisture distribution in sewage sludge, which was still lacking in the literatures.

scholarly journals Testing the effects of basic numerical implementations of water migration on models of subduction dynamics

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 537-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. T. Quinquis ◽  
S. J. H. Buiter
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Mantle Wedge ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Water Migration ◽  
Creep Flow ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
Slab Dehydration

Abstract. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere brings water into the Earth's upper mantle. Previous numerical studies have shown how slab dehydration and mantle hydration can impact the dynamics of a subduction system by allowing a more vigorous mantle flow and promoting localisation of deformation in the lithosphere and mantle. The depths at which dehydration reactions occur in the hydrated portions of the slab are well constrained in these models by thermodynamic calculations. However, computational models use different numerical schemes to simulate the migration of free water. We aim to show the influence of the numerical scheme of free water migration on the dynamics of the upper mantle and more specifically the mantle wedge. We investigate the following three simple migration schemes with a finite-element model: (1) element-wise vertical migration of free water, occurring independent of the flow of the solid phase; (2) an imposed vertical free water velocity; and (3) a Darcy velocity, where the free water velocity is a function of the pressure gradient caused by the difference in density between water and the surrounding rocks. In addition, the flow of the solid material field also moves the free water in the imposed vertical velocity and Darcy schemes. We first test the influence of the water migration scheme using a simple model that simulates the sinking of a cold, hydrated cylinder into a dry, warm mantle. We find that the free water migration scheme has only a limited impact on the water distribution after 1 Myr in these models. We next investigate slab dehydration and mantle hydration with a thermomechanical subduction model that includes brittle behaviour and viscous water-dependent creep flow laws. Our models demonstrate that the bound water distribution is not greatly influenced by the water migration scheme whereas the free water distribution is. We find that a bound water-dependent creep flow law results in a broader area of hydration in the mantle wedge, which feeds back to the dynamics of the system by the associated weakening. This finding underlines the importance of using dynamic time evolution models to investigate the effects of (de)hydration. We also show that hydrated material can be transported down to the base of the upper mantle at 670 km. Although (de)hydration processes influence subduction dynamics, we find that the exact numerical implementation of free water migration is not important in the basic schemes we investigated. A simple implementation of water migration could be sufficient for a first-order impression of the effects of water for studies that focus on large-scale features of subduction dynamics.

Characterization of thin water layers in pulp by tritium exchange. Part 1: Methods development

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances L. Walsh ◽  
Sujit Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
A Value ◽  
A New Technique

Abstract A new technique for measuring the monolayer water content of fiber is presented. Tritiated water is added to a pulp/water suspension, whereupon the tritium partitions between the bulk water and the pulp. In the pulp phase the tritium can exchange with free water, bound water, and with hydroxyl and other protons present in the pulp matrix. The free water in the pulp is then removed by displacement with acetone. The tritium remaining in the pulp is mostly associated with tightly bound water, with a small fraction being tied up with the exchangeable hydrogen in pulp. The procedure provides a value of 10% for the tightly bound water content of hardwood or softwood fiber, either bleached or unbleached. If this water is assumed to cover the fiber surface as a monolayer, then an estimate of the wet surface area of the fiber can be obtained. This estimate compares well with independent measurements of surface area.

scholarly journals Water Adsorption to Leaves of Tall Cryptomeria japonica Tree Analyzed by Infrared Spectroscopy under Relative Humidity Control

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1107
Author(s):  
Wakana A. Azuma ◽  
Satoru Nakashima ◽  
Eri Yamakita ◽  
Tamihisa Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Water Adsorption ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tissue Properties

Leaf water storage is a complex interaction between live tissue properties (anatomy and physiology) and physicochemical properties of biomolecules and water. How leaves adsorb water molecules based on interactions between biomolecules and water, including hydrogen bonding, challenges our understanding of hydraulic acclimation in tall trees where leaves are exposed to more water stress. Here, we used infrared (IR) microspectroscopy with changing relative humidity (RH) on leaves of tall Cryptomeria japonica trees. OH band areas correlating with water content were larger for treetop (52 m) than for lower-crown (19 m) leaves, regardless of relative humidity (RH). This high water adsorption in treetop leaves was not explained by polysaccharides such as Ca-bridged pectin, but could be attributed to the greater cross-sectional area of the transfusion tissue. In both treetop and lower-crown leaves, the band areas of long (free water: around 3550 cm−1) and short (bound water: around 3200 cm−1) hydrogen bonding OH components showed similar increases with increasing RH, while the band area of free water was larger at the treetop leaves regardless of RH. Free water molecules with longer H bonds were considered to be adsorbed loosely to hydrophobic CH surfaces of polysaccharides in the leaf-cross sections.

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