scholarly journals ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA. III

1930 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold A. Abramson
Keyword(s):  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Protein Film ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
Cell Destruction ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobilities ◽  
Isoelectric Points ◽  
Complete Protein

A survey of the published electrophoretic mobilities of certain mammalian red cells reveals that the isoelectric points accorded to these cells are the result of equilibria incidental to red cell destruction. The electrophoretic mobilities of normal washed sheep and human cells have now been studied in 0.85 per cent NaCl solutions from about pH 3.6 to 7.4. All measurements were made within 2 minutes of the preparation of the suspension of red cells. In no case was reversal of sign of charge observed under these conditions. Reversal of sign of charge occurred only after sufficient time had elapsed to permit sufficient adsorption of the products of red cell destruction. There is little change in mobility as the pH of the medium is decreased. Reversal of sign of charge does occur in the presence of normal and immune (anti-sheep) rabbit sera. The isoelectric point determined under these conditions does not appear to be connected specifically with the immune body but is perhaps associated with phenomena incidental to red cell destruction and the presence of serum. The characteristic lowering of mobility by amboceptor occurs, however, from pH 4.0 to pH 7.4. The curves of mobility plotted against pH for normal and for immune sera support the viewpoint that the identity of the isoelectric points for normal and sensitized sheep cells is not primarily concerned with the immune reaction. It is most unlikely that an "albumin" or a "globulin" surface covers red cells with a complete protein film. Although serum protein reacts with red cells in acid solutions, this is not demonstrable for gelatin. The lowering of mobility usually ascribed to anti-sheep rabbit serum may also occur, but to a lesser degree, in normal rabbit serum. This diminution of mobility is not, in the first place, associated with sensitization to hemolysis induced by complement. This supports the view that only a very small part of the red cell surface need be changed in order to obtain complete hemolysis in the presence of complement.

scholarly journals THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Sodium Periodate ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Virus Receptors ◽  
Serum Inhibitor

The influenza virus receptors of fowl red cells and the influenza virus inhibitor of normal rabbit serum have the following attributes in common: They are stable at high temperatures and in solutions of pH as high as 10.0. They both resist destruction by a number of oxidizing agents but are readily destroyed by sodium periodate, trypsin, and influenza virus. These facts suggest that the red cell receptor and the normal serum inhibitor are either the same or analogous substances and that they may belong to the mucoprotein class of compounds.

scholarly journals A HEMOLYTIC SYSTEM ASSOCIATED WITH ENTERITIS IN RABBITS

1963 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Evans ◽  
Margaret Bingham ◽  
Russell S. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Heat Labile

A disease characterized by frequent association of enteritis and polyagglutinable cells often develops in weanling rabbits. The red cell lesion renders the cells susceptible to agglutination and hemolysis in normal rabbit sera. The degree of red cell abnormality varies among different animals and disappears when the animals recover. The abnormality of the red cells responsible for their polyagglutinability and susceptibility to hemolysis was resistant to the action of trypsin or papain and persisted in heated stroma preparations derived from polyagglutinable cells. The factors necessary for agglutination and hemolysis of the polyagglutinable cells are present in normal rabbit sera but are lacking in the sera of affected rabbits. These factors returned to normal levels as the polyagglutinable cell lesion disappeared. The sera of rabbits with polyagglutinable cells contained normal levels of complement and properdin. Whereas the agglutinating factor in normal sera is heat-stable at 56°C for 30 minutes, the hemolytic factor is heat labile. The hemolytic factor is apparently distinct from complement and properdin since it was adsorbed from normal rabbit serum by zymosan or by polyagglutinable cells at 0°C. However, complement was fixed when normal rabbit serum was reacted with stroma from polyagglutinable cells. Hemolysis of polyagglutinable cells by normal rabbit serum at 25°C was inhibited by preliminary incubation of the mixture at 0°C prior to incubation at 25°C. Evidence was obtained which indicated that this inhibition was due to progression of a reaction involving Ca++ independent of a reaction involving Mg++.

scholarly journals THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Type A ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Virus Inhibitor ◽  
Virus Receptors

Evidence has been offered that influenza virus which has been heated at 56°C. for 30 or more minutes loses some of its capacity to agglutinate red cells and may completely lose its power to elute from cells on which it has been adsorbed. Such heat-inactivated virus does not possess the capacity to destroy the virus inhibitor in normal rabbit serum and this appears to be the explanation of the higher agglutinin inhibitory levels obtained with serum and heated virus as compared with serum and untreated virus. The heat-inactivated virus can be used to measure the inhibitor substance in normal rabbit serum. By two different methods it has been demonstrated that the inhibitor is destroyed in the presence of unheated influenza virus, as measured by inhibition titrations with virus inactivated at 56°C. The destruction of inhibitor by virus of either type A or B can be measured by virus of either type with similar results.

scholarly journals IMMUNE RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO INJECTION OF PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monroe D. Eaton ◽  
L. T. Coggeshall
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Normal Monkey ◽  
Protective Antibodies

Specific complement-fixing antibodies are produced in the serum of rabbits in response to injections of living or dead Plasmodium knowlesi. Sera from rabbits receiving injections of either parasitized or normal monkey erythrocytes are parasiticidal in vitro for P. knowlesi. Because absorption of parasiticidal rabbit sera with normal monkey erythrocytes abolishes the parasiticidal effect, it is concluded that the effect is largely due to an antibody to the red cells. Normal rabbit serum is not parasiticidal. Experiments on passive protection in monkey malaria with serum from rabbits which have received intraperitoneal injections of living or dead P. knowlesi yield no conclusive evidence that protective antibodies are formed.

scholarly journals Efflux of Red Cell Water into Buffered Hypertonic Solutions

1960 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin G. Olmstead
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Supernatant Fluid ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Cell Water ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions

Buffered NaCl solutions hypertonic to rabbit serum were prepared and freezing point depressions of each determined after dilution with measured amounts of water. Freezing point depression of these dilutions was a linear function of the amount of water added. One ml. of rabbit red cells was added to each 4 ml. of the hypertonic solutions and after incubation at 38°C. for 30 minutes the mixture was centrifuged and a freezing point depression determined on the supernatant fluid. The amount of water added to the hypertonic solutions by the red cells was calcuated from this freezing point depression. For each decrease in the freezing point of -0.093°C. of the surrounding solution red cells gave up approximately 5 ml. of water per 100 ml. of red cells in the range of -0.560 to -0.930°C. Beyond -0.930°C. the amount of water given up by 100 ml. of red cells fits best a parabolic equation. The maximum of this equation occurred at a freezing point of the hypertonic solution of -2.001°C. at which time the maximum amount of water leaving the red cells would be 39.9 ml. per 100 ml. of red cells. The data suggest that only about 43 per cent of the red cell water is available for exchange into solutions of increasing tonicity.

scholarly journals Clinical Presentation of Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Subjective Responses ◽  
Cell Antigen ◽  
Cell Destruction ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Transfusion Reactions

Haemolytic transfusion reactions can be defined as the occurrence after transfusion of measurably increased destruction of red cells, of donor or recipient, by alloantibodies. They may be acute (occurring within 24 hours of transfusion) or delayed (when signs of red cell destruction do not occur until 4 to 10 days after transfusion). The severest signs and symptoms of acute reactions follow intravascular red cell lysis and progress to anaemia, fever, haemoglobinuria and jaundice. The subjective responses of pain, restlessness, nausea, skin flushing, dyspnoea and shock are mediated by cleavage products of complement (C3a, C5a) activated by red cell antigen-antibody reaction. The bleeding and renal failure complications that follow are multi-factoral in aetiology but also stem from the activation of intravascular clotting and from the vasomotor disturbances following histamine and kinin release.

scholarly journals Erythrokinetics. IV. The Plasma Iron Turnover as a Measure of Erythropoiesis

Blood ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS H. BOTHWELL ◽  
ARNOLD V. HURTADO ◽  
DENNIS M. DONOHUE ◽  
CLEMENT A. FINCH
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Hematologic Disorders ◽  
Plasma Iron ◽  
Cell Destruction ◽  
Marrow Activity

Abstract Experimental and clinical studies have been performed to define more clearly the significance of the plasma iron turnover. It has been shown that the plasma iron turnover is not affected by the rate of red cell destruction and to only a limited extent by increased body stores. It does, however, reflect the degree of erythroid marrow activity and is a sensitive indicator for measuring changes in such activity. A series of 85 studies in normal subjects and in patients with various hematologic disorders were carried out to define the range of response with anemia and to assess the clinical value of the plasma iron turnover as an index of erythropoiesis. In states of marrow hyperfunction it is increased from 3 to 6 times normal and may be depressed to approximately half normal with marrow hypofunction. The plasma iron turnover is increased with marrow dyspoiesis. This increase is a measure of total erythropoiesis and does not indicate the production of viable red cells.

scholarly journals ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA

1933 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Protein Film ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobilities ◽  
Alcohol Water ◽  
Ion Activities

1. The electrophoretic velocities of gelatin-, egg-albumin-, and gliadin-covered quartz particles in various alcohol-water solutions are, within the limits employed in usual experimental procedures, proportional to the field strength. 2. The electrophoretic mobilities of small, irregularly shaped quartz particles covered with an adsorbed film of protein in alcohol-water solutions are equal to the electroosmotic mobilities of the liquid past similarly coated flat surfaces. Hence the size and shape of such particles does not influence their mobilities, which depend entirely on the protein film. 3. The corrected mobility and hence presumably the charge of gelatin-covered quartz particles in solutions containing 35 per cent ethyl alcohol is proportional to the combining power of the gelatin; therefore the gelatin is adsorbed with the active groups oriented toward the liquid. The same is true in 60 per cent alcohol. 4. The charge calculated by means of the Debye-Henry approximation from the mobility of gelatin in solutions containing up to 35 per cent ethyl alcohol is, in the neighborhood of the isoelectric point, proportional to the combining power of the gelatin. Therefore the dielectric constant and the viscosity of the bulk of the medium may be used in the Debye-Henry approximation Q = 6 π η r vm (1 + κ r) to predict changes in charge from mobility. 5. In the neighborhood of the isoelectric point gelatin is probably completely ionized in buffered ethyl alcohol-water mixtures up to 60 per cent alcohol. 6. In the presence of ethyl alcohol the isoelectric point of gelatin is shifted toward smaller hydrogen ion activities. This shift, like that caused by alcohol in the isoelectric points of certain amino acids, is approximately linearly related to the dielectric constant of the medium.

scholarly journals Analytical Review: Certain Hemolytic Mechanisms in Hemolytic Anemia

Blood ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC PONDER
Keyword(s):  
Red Cells ◽  
Enzymatic Oxidation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Cell Destruction ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Low Cholesterol ◽  
Osmotic Properties

Abstract The factors which normally limit the life of the red cell are described as being a continuous metabolic process involving the enzymatic oxidation of Hb and a terminal event, which may be hemolysis, fragmentation or phagocytosis. A number of lytic substances, such as soaps, lipids and lysolecithin-like substances can be extracted from plasma and from tissues. These substances are associated with inhibitors and accelerators to form complexes. The activity of these naturally occurring hemolytic complexes tends to be small, although it can increase to such an extent that appreciable red cell destruction results. Instances are given in which hemolysis in vivo results from the concentration of one of these lysins increasing (as when fat is fed), from an accelerator of one of the lysins being introduced (usually as a drug), and from the concentration of inhibitory material being reduced (as by a low cholesterol diet). Most hemolytic episodes are due to the establishment of a new hemolytic mechanism, which may appear after the introduction of a drug, of an agglutinin such as silicic acid or ricin, of an immune agglutinin which is not itself a hemolysin or of an agglutinin which is a lysin in the presence of complement. The various mechanisms which may result in hemolysis are discussed. The case in which the agglutinin becomes a lysin in the presence of complement presents no difficulty; in other cases the mechanism of hemolysis is not so clear, nor is it clear whether red cell destruction depends primarily on hemolysis or primarily on phagocytosis. Special processes are involved in the destruction of red cells which have intrinsic defects of structure. The abnormally thick red cells of congenital hemolytic icterus are selectively sequestered in the spleen, where there are a number of hemolytic mechanisms which can destroy them the more readily because of their abnormal shape. The sickle cell, with its poor osmotic properties, its reduced mechanical fragility, and its tendency to lose part of its structure as filaments at each disk-sickle transformation, is destroyed by processes which are probably hemolytic but less easy to specify. The flat red cells of Mediterranean disease are abnormally prone to fragmentation. In all these diseases the abnormal shape of the red cell seems to be accompanied by peculiarities in its contained hemoglobin, an observation which requires further study before its significance is clear.

scholarly journals BILIARY EXCRETION OF RADIOACTIVE IRON AND TOTAL IRON AS INFLUENCED BY RED CELL DESTRUCTION

1944 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Hawkins ◽  
P. F. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Biliary Excretion ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
The Body ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Cell Destruction ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Iron Excretion

Iron is eliminated in the bile of normal dogs at a low but quite constant rate, 0.2 mg. per day. The feeding of large amounts of iron to normal dogs does not cause an increased iron excretion in the bile nor does the injection of considerable quantities of colloidal iron by vein. When red cell destruction is brought about by acetyl-phenylhydrazine the elimination of biliary iron may increase tenfold and parallels the increased output of bile pigment. When red cells containing radioactive iron are destroyed by acetyl-phenylhydrazine there is a significant increase in radioactive iron excreted in the bile which parallels the bile pigment excretion—Charts A and C. The excretion of iron and bile pigment is independent of the volume of bile. When hemoglobin is destroyed the pigment radicle is totally excreted as bile pigment but only 3 per cent of the released iron is eliminated in the bile with conservation of the remainder. The importance of the liver and spleen as storehouses of iron is again confirmed. The body conserves iron even when it is present in marked excess.

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