scholarly journals THE RESPIRATORY RATE OF THE SCIATIC NERVE OF THE FROG IN REST AND ACTIVITY

1919 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sartorius Muscle ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. With the indicator method of Haas, the rates of carbon dioxide production have been measured in the case of the sciatic nerve, various parts of the brain, and the sartorius muscle of the frog. The rate of respiration of the sciatic nerve is from 10 to 30 per cent of that of the other tissues, varying somewhat with the individual. 2. Stimulation of the sciatic nerve with induction shocks sufficient to induce tetanus of the muscle does not increase the output of carbon dioxide from the sciatic nerve, even if continued as long as 30 minutes. Sartorius muscle used as a control showed a marked increase in carbon dioxide production upon relaxation after contraction resulting from such stimulation. 3. These facts indicate that the nerve impulse does not depend upon processes leading to the production of carbon dioxide.

Herbert Mac Cabe’s Philosophical Anthropology

Politeia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-260
Author(s):  
Franco Manni ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
External World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Language System ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Individual Human

From the ideas of Aristotle, De Saussure and Wittgenstein, philosopher Herbert McCabe elaborated an original anthropology. 'Meaning' means: the role played by a part towards the whole. Senses are bodily organs and sensations allow an animal to get fragments of the external world which become 'meaningful' for the behaviour of the whole animal Besides sensations, humans are ‘linguistic animals’ because through words they are able to 'communicate', that is, to share a peculiar kind of meanings: concepts. Whereas, sense-images are stored physically in our brain and cannot be shared, even though we can relate to sense-images by words (speech coincides with thought). However, concepts do not belong to the individual human being qua individual, but to an interpersonal entity: the language system. Therefore, on the one hand, to store images is a sense-power and an operation of the brain, whereas the brain (quite paradoxically!) is not in itself the organ of thought. On the other hand, concepts do not exist on their own.

scholarly journals Translocation of the brain-type glucose transporter largely accounts for insulin stimulation of glucose transport in BC3H-1 myocytes

1990 ◽  
Vol 269 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Calderhead ◽  
K Kitagawa ◽  
G E Lienhard ◽  
G W Gould
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insulin Stimulation ◽  
Glut 1 ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Rat Soleus Muscle ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Insulin-stimulated glucose transport was examined in BC3H-1 myocytes. Insulin treatment lead to a 2.7 +/- 0.3-fold increase in the rate of deoxyglucose transport and, under the same conditions, a 2.1 +/- 0.1-fold increase in the amount of the brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT 1) at the cell surface. It has been shown that some insulin-responsive tissues express a second, immunologically distinct, transporter, namely GLUT 4. We report here that BC3H-1 myocytes and C2 and G8 myotubes express only GLUT 1; in contrast, rat soleus muscle and heart express 3-4 times higher levels of GLUT 4 than GLUT 1. Thus translocation of GLUT 1 can account for most, if not all, of the insulin stimulation of glucose transport in BC3H-1 myocytes. On the other, hand, neither BC3H-1 myocytes nor the other muscle-cell lines are adequate as models for the study of insulin regulation of glucose transport in muscle tissue.

scholarly journals Looking for effects of qualia on event-related brain potentials of close others in search for a cause of the similarity of qualia assumed across individuals

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Sheila Bouten ◽  
Hugo Pantecouteau ◽  
J. Bruno Debruille
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Frontal Electrode ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Qualia, the individual instances of subjective conscious experience, are private events. However, in everyday life, we assume qualia of others and their perceptual worlds, to be similar to ours. One way this similarity is possible is if qualia of others somehow contribute to the production of qualia by our own brain and vice versa. To test this hypothesis, we focused on the mean voltages of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the time-window of the P600 component, whose amplitude correlates positively with conscious awareness. These ERPs were elicited by images of the international affective picture system in 16 pairs of friends, siblings or couples going side by side through hyperscanning without having to interact. Each of the 32 members of these 16 pairs faced one half of the screen and could not see what the other member was presented with on the other half. One stimulus occurred on each half simultaneously. The sameness of these stimulus pairs was manipulated as well as the participants’ belief in that sameness by telling subjects’ pairs that they were going to be presented with the same stimuli in two blocks and with different ones in the two others. ERPs were more positive at all electrode subsets for stimulus pairs that were inconsistent with the belief than for those that were consistent. In the N400 time window, at frontal electrode sites, ERPs were again more positive for inconsistent than for consistent stimuli. As participants had no way to see the stimulus their partner was presented with and thus no way to detect inconsistence, these data might reveal an impact of the qualia of a person on the brain activity of another. Such impact could provide a research avenue when trying to explain the similarity of qualia across individuals.

Landscape heterogeneity influences carbon dioxide production in a young boreal reservoir

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soren M. Brothers ◽  
Paul A. del Giorgio ◽  
Cristian R. Teodoru ◽  
Yves T. Prairie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Landscape Heterogeneity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Benthic Respiration ◽  
Sediment Respiration ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Water Column Respiration

Surface carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions exhibit a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in the young boreal Eastmain-1 hydroelectric reservoir, located in northern Quebec, Canada. Estimates of the individual components of net CO2 production within the reservoir (benthic respiration, water column respiration, and primary production) furthermore provide a link between the heterogeneity in surface CO2 emissions and the flooded landscapes below. Specifically, the preflood carbon stock and soil–sediment respiration rates of flooded landscapes were found to influence benthic CO2 production, the rate of decline of hypolimnetic dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the estimated rate at which flooded landscapes release DOC, further influencing water column respiration rates. Estimates of the individual components of net CO2 production in Eastmain-1 are supported by a positive relationship (t test, r2 = 0.64, P < 0.01) between measured surface CO2 emissions (mean ± SE = 1540 ± 145.4 mg C·m–2·day–1) and independently derived estimates of total net CO2 production (mean ± SE = 1230 ± 162.4 mg C·m–2·day–1). Our findings emphasize the utility of fundamental landscape characterization prior to construction in predicting reservoir greenhouse gas emissions.

scholarly journals Effect of low-intensity magnetic stimulation on human attention span-Experimental Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
roohollah basatnia
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Attention is a cognitive and behavioral process that selectively focuses on the individual aspects of subjective or objective information. It has been shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain, or rTMS, can affect the networks of attention in the brain of some peoples. In this study we report the effects of our experimental setup(Beta-1 Device) on human brain. Current research shows the influences of our setup on human concentration and attention. Respected to the low number of sessions of this stimulation using the beta1 device and the significant effect of this stimulation, the beta1 system can be helpful in the treatment or improvement of attention deficit disorders. It is suggested that the effectiveness of this machine in increasing attention and focus should be studied by repeating this research and increasing the number of magnetic stimulation sessions of the brain. Due to the results of the previous researches in the stimulation of the DLPFC area and its relevance with the recovery of depression, the effect of stimulation of brain by this device on depression is expected. In the present study, the final scores of attention and visual and auditory focus in the IVA test were considered. It seems that repeating the research and measuring the different components of attention mentioned in this test can illuminate the dark angles of the present study.

scholarly journals Radiocalcium Release by Stimulated and Potassium-Treated Sartorius Muscles of the Frog

1960 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Shanes ◽  
C. P. Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Sartorius Muscle ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Potassium Depolarization ◽  
Rate Of Escape ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation of frog (Rana pipiens) sartorius muscle accelerates release of Ca45, but only during the period of stimulation. No appreciable difference is obtained in the calcium released per impulse whether stimulation is at a rate of 20/sec. or 0.5/sec. However, prior stimulation may appreciably increase the loss per impulse. In unfatigued muscles, the minimum amount of calcium liberated during an isotonic twitch is estimated to be about that previously calculated to enter, viz. 0.2 µµmole/cm2. The time course of radiocalcium release during potassium depolarization depends on the nature of the contracture. When contracture is isometric, the rate of escape is doubled and declines only slowly; if isotonic, the rate is quadrupled but declines in a few minutes to a level maintained at about double that before potassium. The minimal calcium release during the first 10 minutes of potassium treatment is estimated to be about the same in both cases and about one-half to one-third the uptake. This, and especially the close equality of calcium entry and exit during electrical stimulation, are pointed out as not necessarily inconsistent with a transitory net entry of calcium, comparable to the influx, into restricted regions of the individual fibers.

Multiple conducting systems and the control of behaviour in the brain coral Meandrina meandrites (L.)

1978 ◽  
Vol 200 (1139) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Suction Electrode ◽  
Intense Light ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Oral Disk ◽  
Stimulation Of

Extracellular suction electrode recordings from tentacles of Meandrina provide evidence for three conducting systems. One system may be the colonial nerve net. It is through-conducting and occasionally gives multiple responses to mechanical and electrical stimulation. The other two systems are also normally through-conducting but they conduct very slowly and are termed slow systems. One slow system (SSo) is in the oral disk and the other (SSc) is in the tissue covering the thecal ridges (coenosarc). SSo pulses travel throughout the interconnected oral disk regions of the colony but also enter the SSc. SSc pulses travel over the entire coenosarc but cannot enter the SSo. Both slow systems are present in the tentacles. Repetitive stimulation of the SSo evokes oral disk expansion and tentacle extension, seemingly identical to the expansion that normally occurs at night when the colony shows tentacular feeding. Repetitive stimulation of the SSc also evokes slight tentacle extension but more noticeably causes the coenosarc to become turgid. Many colonies show coenosarc expansion during the day and this may alter the exposure of symbiotic zooxanthellae to sunlight. The SSo and SSc are spontaneously active and both show a marked increase in pulse frequency when exposed to dissolved food substances. The level of activity in each system may also be modified by changes in light intensity and the SSc and SSo may thus control respectively diurnal and nocturnal expansion of different parts of the colony. The colonial nerve net appears to coordinate fast and slow contractions. Intense light can increase the level of spon­taneous activity in the nerve net.

Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Deep Structures of Temporal Lobe of the Brain in the Marsupial Phalanger

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Pyramidal Cell ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effects of inhalation of 10% and 30% CO2 on the evoked potentials from the fornix-hippocampal system in the marsupial phalanger were determined. The spontaneous and evoked activity of this system is depressed by CO2, with the dorsal hippocampus apparently more susceptible than the ventral hippocampus, especially where the evoked potentials from stimulation of the fornix were recorded in the region of the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer.

scholarly journals On the change in the conduction velocity in the nerve during the development of parabiosis

1907 ◽  
Vol XIV (1) ◽  
pp. 47-70
Author(s):  
Dmitriy V. Polumordvinov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Current Strength ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Stimulation Of

General nervous physiology still takes into account a kind of doctrine of the separation of the basic properties of nerves, according to which one of the properties can be changed without changing the other, such as, for example. destroy conduction while maintaining excitability. In the development of this doctrine, a very significant role belongs to the small and simple experiment of Grungayen, who studied the stepwise effect of carbon dioxide on the excised frog nerve. Exposing a part of the nerve to the influence of carbon dioxide, Grungagen found that excitability in the anesthetized area dropped markedly, while, upon stimulation of the central end, contractions continued to be obtained at the same current strength.

scholarly journals 125 Effect of Postharvest Curing on Respiration and Quality in Garlic Bulbs During Cold Storage

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 410E-410
Author(s):  
Y.J. Yang ◽  
K.A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Maximum Value

Garlic (Allium stivum L. cv. `Seosan') grown in Kyungbuk, Korea were harvested on June 1999 and dried in the field for 2 to 3 days. Bulbs were selected for uniformity in size and maturity and divided into two groups. One group was further dried in the shade at 25 °C for curing before storage at 0 °C. The other group was stored at 0 °C immediately without additional drying. Respiration of garlic bulbs dried additionally for 3 months was low, ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 CO2 mL/kg per h for 95 days in storage; ethylene was not detected until 60 days in storage. Non-curing samples showed rapid increase of carbon dioxide production after 50 days of storage, this might be related to incidence of fungal decay. Ethylene showed maximum value at 45 days in storage, thereafter remained level of 5.6-6.3 μL/kg per h. All treatments did not show sprouting during storage period, but incidence of decay was significantly reduced by additional drying. The beneficial effect of curing for 3 months at 25 °C was maintenance of low water content in garlic bulbs, which resulted in reduction of decay.

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