scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE ON INFLAMMATION DUE TO TUBERCULIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND TURPENTINE AND ON CIRCULATING ANTIBODY LEVELS

1951 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles K. Osgood ◽  
Cutting B. Favour
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Skin Reactivity ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

The treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone of guinea pigs sensitized with heat-killed tubercle bacilli caused suppression of their skin reactivity to tuberculin. Similar animals treated with saline did not show this change. Normal guinea pigs treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone showed suppression of inflammation, but not necrosis, produced by intracutaneous oil of turpentine. There was slight, but probably not significant, diminution of inflammation during saline administration. Tuberculin complement-fixing antibody titers were not altered by either adrenocorticotropic hormone or saline administration. Adrenocorticotropic hormone produced marked eosinopenia and lymphopenia in guinea pigs.

scholarly journals THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL AUTOALLERGIC THYROIDITIS IN INBRED GUINEA PIGS

1964 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin M. Lerner ◽  
Philip R. B. McMaster ◽  
Eurmal D. Exum
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Thyroid Antigen ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Extent Of Disease ◽  
Experimental Allergic ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Experimental allergic thyroiditis produced in strain 13 histocompatible guinea pigs after a single immunization with thyroid extract and Freund's adjuvant was followed for more than 2 years. The disease appeared as early as 5 days and persisted for the entire period studied, although it regressed in the later stages. Circulating antithyroid antibody was detected at low levels as early as 7 days after immunization, and increased to a peak at the time of most severe disease. Thereafter, antibody decreased, but was still detectable in most animals as late as 2 years. There was no correlation between antibody levels and extent of disease except at the 7 week stage. Delayed sensitivity to thyroid antigen was found as early as 5 days after immunization, and appeared to precede the development of thyroiditis in many animals. It correlated closely with thyroiditis at 5 days and 7 weeks. At 6 months, the delayed skin reaction was decreased, and a modified type of reaction appeared which persisted as long as 26 months. The time relationship of delayed sensitivity, thyroiditis, and circulating antibody continue to confirm the role of delayed sensitivity in the pathogenesis of this disease. The accumulated data demonstrating production of thyroiditis without antibody, and the converse, tend to strengthen this view.

The cellular immune response to antigens of Coxiella burneti

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Heggers ◽  
L. P. Mallavia ◽  
David J. Hinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Migration Inhibition ◽  
Microagglutination Test ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Formalinized vaccines prepared from the Nine Mile, Phase I, strain of C. burneti or purified preparations of the Phase I antigen initiate a state of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs as determined by the in vitro migration inhibition system. This delayed hypersensitivity is directed against the protein as well as the carbohydrate component of the Phase I antigen. Guinea pigs that had recovered from Q-fever demonstrated a similar state of delayed hypersensitivity. Circulating antibody levels as determined by the microagglutination test were readily apparent in both infected and vaccinated animals.

Circulating Antibody Titers in Relation to Fertility: I. Male Guinea Pigs *

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 456-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seymour Katsh ◽  
Frederick W. Leaver ◽  
Grace F. Katsh ◽  
John T. Willson
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Circulating Antibody

scholarly journals REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY SYNTHETIC POLYNUCLEOTIDES

1971 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert G. Johnson ◽  
Arthur G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Normal Mouse ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Incubation of antigen with normal mouse peritoneal exudate cells in vitro and subsequent reinjection of the washed cells into syngeneic mice resulted in increased antibody titers as compared to mice injected with antigen alone. Several of the variables influencing this system were studied with and without the stimulus of complex homoribopolynucleotides (poly A:U or poly I:C) as adjuvants to determine the cellular site of action of the latter. It was found that addition of poly A:U or poly I:C caused a further rise in circulating antibody levels which correlated with increased RNA synthesis, suggesting that the macrophage was one cell affected by this adjuvant. Actinomycin D was found to inhibit the rise in titer induced by PEC and this inhibition could be overcome by poly A:U. Injection of the polynucleotides 18 hr before antigen resulted in depression of circulating antibody levels, and poly A:U or poly I:C injected 18 hr before harvesting PEC and incubation with antigen also inhibited the capacity of the PEC to increase antibody levels. A 4S RNA-rich fraction was purified after treatment with phenol of PEC exposed to antigen in vitro, and under the stimulus of poly A:U this RNA was capable of inducing specific antibody titers and rosette-forming cells on injection into mice. Antigen contamination of Pronase-treated RNA, active biologically, was below 10–11 g as determined isotopically.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES OF THE GUINEA PIG

1971 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry G. Bluestein ◽  
Ira Green ◽  
Baruj Benacerraf
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Inbred Strain ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Dominant Genes ◽  
Circulating Antibody

The immunogenicity of three random copolymers of amino acids with L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA), L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), or L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, and L-tyrosine (GAT), administered in complete Freund's adjuvant, was studied in several inbred and random-bred guinea pig strains. The animals were tested for delayed sensitivity and their sera were assayed for the presence of antibody directed against the immunizing polymer. All of the guinea pigs developing delayed hypersensitivity also had significant antibody levels in their sera. Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs responded to immunization with GA, but failed to form detectable responses to GT. Inbred strain 13 animals, on the other hand, responded to GT, but not to GA. The (2 x 13)F1 hybrids responded to both GA and GT with both delayed hypersensitivity and circulating antibody. Thus, the ability of these inbred guinea pigs to respond immunologically to GA or GT is controlled by distinct autosomal dominant genes. A variable percentage of random-bred guinea pigs, depending on their source as well as their strain, responded to immunization with GA and with GT. All guinea pigs, both inbred and random bred, responded to immunization with GAT. The ability to respond immunologically to GAT, therefore, does not seem to be under simple genetic control. However, the levels of anti-GAT antibody found in the sera of animals lacking the ability to respond to GA were much lower than those detected in GA responder animals.

Prevalence and Induction of Circulating Antibodies against Recombinant Staphylokinase

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (01) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Declerck ◽  
S Vanderschueren ◽  
J Billiet ◽  
H Moreau ◽  
D Collen
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia ◽  
Alternative Agent ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Antibody Levels

SummaryStreptokinase (SK) is a routinely used thrombolytic agent but it is immunogenic and allergenic; staphylokinase (STA) is a potential alternative agent which is under early clinical evaluation. The comparative prevalence of antibodies against recombinant STA (STAR) and against SK was studied in healthy subjects and their induction with intravenous administration in small groups of patients.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using microtiter plates coated with STAR or SK and calibration with affinospecific human antibodies, revealed 2.1 to 65 μg/ml (median 11 μg/ml) anti-STAR antibodies and 0.9 to 370 μg/ml (median 18 μg/ml) anti-SK antibodies (p <0.001 vs anti-STAR antibodies) in plasma from 100 blood donors, with corresponding values of 0.6 to 100 μg/ml (median 7.1 μg/ml) and 0.4 to 120 μg/ml (median 7.3 μg/ml), respectively, in 104 patients with angina pectoris. Three out of 17 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia had significantly increased anti-STAR antibody levels (150, 75 and 75 μg/ml), and STAR neutralizing activities (2.2, 3.6 and 4.1 μg STAR neutralized per ml plasma, respectively). In 6 patients with acute myocardial infarction, given 10 mg STAR intravenously over 30 min, median anti-STAR antibody levels were 3.5 μg/ml at baseline, 2.9 μg/ml at 6 to 8 days and 1.2 μg/ml at 2 to 9 weeks, with median corresponding titers of STAR neutralizing activity at 2 to 9 weeks of 42 μg/ml plasma. Conversely, in 5 patients treated with 1,500,000 units SK over 60 min, median anti-SK antibodies increased from 2.9 μg/ml at baseline to 360 μg/ml at 5 to 10 days, with corresponding median SK neutralizing activities of 13 μg/ml. Antibodies against STAR did not cross-react with SK and vice versa.Plasma from human subjects contains low levels of circulating antibodies against recombinant staphylokinase, and intravenous administration of this compound boosts antibody titers. These antibodies do however not cross-react with streptokinase, whereby the use of these two immunogenic thrombolytic agents would not be mutually exclusive.

POLIOMYELITIS IN CANADIAN ESKIMOS: LABORATORY STUDIES. V. TYPE 1 AND TYPE 3 POLIOMYELITIS ANTIBODY LEVELS IN BAFFIN ISLAND ESKIMOS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
W. Wood ◽  
Eina M. Clark ◽  
F. T. Shimada ◽  
A. J. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Type 3

Studies on the basic immunology of poliomyelitis in Canadian Eskimos have been continued. Some 87 sera collected from Eskimos at Pangnirtung, Baffin Island, have been examined for the presence of Type 1 and Type 3 poliomyelitis antibody by quantitative tests in tissue cultures. The same sera were previously examined for Type 2 antibody by quantitative tests in mice. The results of the three determinations are now presented together for comparison. These sera came from Eskimos aged 2 to 72 years of age. None of the Eskimos showed any evidence of paralysis. Examination of the medical records did not suggest that any paralytic disease had been present in this part of Baffin Island. Very few of the sera showed the presence of poliomyelitis antibody; thus, Type 1 antibody was demonstrated in the sera of 8%, Type 2 antibody in the sera of 9%, and Type 3 antibody in the sera of 14%. No significant number of Eskimos below the age of 45 years had acquired poliomyelitis antibody. The antibody titers mostly ranged between 10−1.0 and 10−2.0, and were significantly lower than the titers customarily found in recently paralyzed cases. These findings suggest that poliomyelitis infection occurred in Pangnirtung Eskimos many years before the date on which the samples were taken (1951). These results point to the worldwide prevalence of the three types of poliomyelitis virus.

Immunology of the inner ear: Response of the inner ear to antigen challenge

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Antigen Challenge ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the inner ear to host immunity and the immunoresponsiveness of the inner ear to antigen challenge were investigated. A radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate antibody titers to keyhole-limpet hemocyanin generated in the serum, perilymph, and CSF of guinea pigs following systemic or inner ear immunizations. The results of these experiments demonstrate (1) the blood-labyrinth barrier is analogous to the blood-brain barrier with respect to immunoglobulin equilibrium, (2) the inner ear is capable of responding to antigen challenge, and (3) the inner ear is an effective route for systemic immunization.

scholarly journals Seasonality of month of birth of patients with Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases differ from that in the general population

2007 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerasimos E Krassas ◽  
Konstantinos Tziomalos ◽  
Nikolaos Pontikides ◽  
Hadas Lewy ◽  
Zvi Laron
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Month Of Birth ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Common Etiology ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Antibody Levels

Objective: We aimed to test the viral hypothesis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Design: We determined the pattern of month of birth (MOB) distribution in patients with AITD and in the general population and searched for differences between them. Methods: A total of 1023 patients were included in this study; 359 patients had Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GrH) and 664 had Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism (HH). We divided the patients with HH into three subgroups according to their thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody titers at diagnosis: low levels (<500 IU/ml), high levels (500–1000 IU/ml), and extremely high levels (>1000 IU/ml). We used cosinor analysis to analyze the data. Results: Overall, patients with GrH and HH had a different pattern of MOB distribution when compared with the general population and between groups. Furthermore, among both patients with GrH and HH, both genders had a different pattern of MOB distribution when compared with the general population and this pattern was also different between genders. Finally, only women with extremely high titers of TPO antibodies at diagnosis and men with low or extremely high TPO antibody levels showed rhythmicity in MOB, with a pattern of MOB distribution different from that in controls. Conclusions: The different MOB seasonality in both GrH and HH points towards a similar maybe even common etiology with type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis, namely a seasonal viral infection as the initial trigger in the perinatal period, the clinical disease resulting from further specific damage over time.

Concluding remarks

1956 ◽  
Vol 146 (922) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunological Reaction ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Purified Antigen ◽  
Circulating Antibody

In many ways immunological tolerance is an ideal subject for discussion at the present time. Experimental work has gone far enough to allow us to claim that the principle of immunological tolerance is soundly established and that we can see more or less clearly some of its implications. But obviously very much remains to be learnt of the part played by tolerance in the various fields that have been discussed. It is by no means certain that we are dealing with a single topic when we compare tolerance to homografts with inhibition of antibody production against soluble protein in a rabbit. Such a situation provides much for discussion but does not make it easy to condense or interpret that discussion. One might begin by reiterating that immunology is concerned with much more than the production and properties of typical circulating antibody. There are at least four different types of immunological reaction and there are hints of many minor differences within the main types. Pappenheimer’s recent work on the variety of responses given by a single species, man, to a single purified antigen, diphtheria toxoid, offers a characteristic example of the current trend. Chase’s experiments on the response of guinea pigs to simple allergens like picryl chloride, have been only incidentally mentioned in today’s discussion, but their importance is obvious. A form of tolerance very similar to that produced by prenatal treatment of mice can be produced by administering the allergen to adult guinea-pigs by mouth. The animals are resistant to sensitization by skin treatment and the inhibition is general and unrelated to any persistence of allergen in the body. The question immediately arises whether all forms of tolerance are basically similar or whether for each of the qualitatively distinct types of positive immunological reaction, a correspondingly distinct type of inhibition or tolerance must be sought.

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