scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS

1950 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cowen ◽  
Abner Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Vaginal Route ◽  
Normal Test ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Placental Blood ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Syncytial Trophoblast

Pregnant mice infected with Toxoplasma by the vaginal route have been found to transmit toxoplasmosis to the placentas and fetuses in utero. The microorganism entered the blood stream of the mother from primary foci of infection in the vaginal wall and produced disseminated lesions in the labyrinth of the allantoic placenta at the same time as other peripheral maternal tissues were involved. Placental lesions were observed in mice infected with Toxoplasma by vagina between the 3rd and the 9th day of pregnancy. They consisted of microscopic foci of degeneration, without inflammation, in the syncytial trophoblast, and parasites undergoing multiplication were readily identified in them. Here Toxoplasma gained access to the fetal circulation. Following the vaginal instillation of Toxoplasma on the 8th day of pregnancy, subinoculation of test animals revealed the parasites in the maternal peripheral and placental blood on the 13th day and later, while the first histopathologic changes in the placenta were found on the 17th day. Toxoplasma could be demonstrated in suspensions of fetal tissues on and after the 17th day by the injection of normal test animals. However, no lesions of toxoplasmosis, or Toxoplasma, were found in histologic sections of fetuses 11 to 21 days old removed at autopsy from vaginally infected mothers. It is concluded that before birth the parasites were confined to the fetal blood. The experiments provide the first direct histological demonstration of placental toxoplasmosis. The possible bearing of the experimental disease on human placental and fetal toxoplasmosis is briefly considered. It is probable that a maternal parasitemia during the latter part of pregnancy, whatever the portal of entry may be, is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of human congenital toxoplasmosis and that this occurs shortly after exposure to Toxoplasma rather than in a later chronic stage of the infection. The suggestion is offered that some instances of spontaneous abortion or fetal death in man, as in the mouse, may be due to inapparent toxoplasmosis.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS

1950 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cowen ◽  
Abner Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Vaginal Route ◽  
Individual Offspring ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Degrees Of Severity ◽  
Young Mice

A study has been made of congenital toxoplasmosis in the offspring of mice infected with Toxoplasma by the vaginal route during pregnancy. Some of the young mice were retarded in postnatal development, and some became ill or died in the 2nd to 4th weeks of life while the majority remained symptom-free in spite of the presence of toxoplasmic lesions of varying degrees of severity. Congenital toxoplasmosis developed only in offspring whose mothers had been infected on the 7th to 9th day of pregnancy. Infection of the offspring without active toxoplasmosis in the mother was not observed. The highest incidence of congenital infection (57.6 per cent) was obtained by giving 2 vaginal instillations of Toxoplasma-infected mouse brain on the 8th and 9th days of pregnancy. Mice infected before the 7th day developed placental toxoplasmosis but rarely delivered viable young. When the mother was infected after the 9th day, the offspring were normal. When congenital toxoplasmosis occurred in a litter, a majority or all of the individual offspring were usually infected. Although pathologic changes were not present in the suckling mice at birth, and did not appear before the 9th postnatal day, reasons are stated for excluding the possibility of postnatal contact or milk-borne infection. It cannot be assumed from the experimental disease that the vagina is a portal of entry of Toxoplasma in human congenital toxoplasmosis. Any route of infection leading to a maternal parasitemia during pregnancy might result in toxoplasmosis of the placenta and transmission of the disease to the offspring before birth. Unlike the restricted time interval effective in the mouse, there is a long period during the later months of pregnancy in the human being in which transplacental passage of the infection may occur. When transmission to the fetus takes place shortly before parturition, evidence of disease in the human infant, as in the mouse, may not become manifest until several weeks postpartum, and the prenatal origin of the infection may not be apparent. When the fetus becomes infected well before parturition, symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis may be present at birth. The asymptomatic character of the infection in many of the young mice would appear to have a counterpart in certain instances of human congenital toxoplasmosis.

scholarly journals Vaginal fibroleiomyoma in a cow: a case report

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Timurkaan ◽  
M. Aydin ◽  
F. Yilmaz ◽  
A. Cevik
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Muscle Actin ◽  
Vaginal Route ◽  
Immunohistochemical Examination ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Cd 68 ◽  
The Masses

: This paper describes a case of fibroleiomyoma seen in the vagina of a cow, diagnosed on the basis of macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings. A five year-old female, Simmental and Brown Swiss crossbreed cow presented with six neoplastic masses located on the vaginal wall. The masses were surgically removed through the vaginal route and were firm and well demarcated. Microscopic examination showed that the non-encapsulated neoplastic nodules consisted of the admixture of smooth muscle and connective tissue. Immunohistochemical examination revealed strong focal positive reactions for smooth muscle actin and vimentin, but no positive reaction for CD 68. The tumour reported here was considered benign because of the lack of clear pleomorphism, invasivness, multinuclear giant cells and atypia, and low mitotic activity.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT

1926 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie T. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Direct Extension ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Intranasal Instillation

1. Four general types of spontaneous pneumonia, associated with strains of Bact. lepisepticum similar in biology and virulence, are described: (1) an acute, diffuse form, with subpleural and perivascular orientation of the exudate, (2) lobar, (3) pleuro-, and (4) abscess pneumonia. 2. The acute, diffuse, lobar, and pleuro pneumonias may be induced experimentally by intranasal instillation of a virulent strain of Bact. lepisepticum. 3. These same types occur when the organisms are inoculated intravenously, intratesticularly, and subcutaneously. 4. Intrabronchial insufflation of the organisms brings about infection in less than half of the animals. When effective, a sharply circumscribed, peribronchial lesion is found at the base of the lung, which spreads peripherally by direct extension, and generally by invasion of the blood stream. 5. It is concluded that differences in the types of pneumonia following infection with similar strains of Bact. lepisepticum depend upon the resistance of the animal, and that the usual portal of entry of this organism into the lungs, in cases of acute and lobar pneumonia, is by way of the blood stream.

scholarly journals Murine Malaria Infection Induces Fetal Loss Associated with Accumulation of Plasmodium chabaudi AS-Infected Erythrocytes in the Placenta

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 2839-2848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayakumar Poovassery ◽  
Julie M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Plasmodium Chabaudi ◽  
Effective Immune Response ◽  
Malaria During Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Placental Blood ◽  
Peak Parasitemia ◽  
Fetal Compromise

ABSTRACT Malarial infection in nonimmune women is a risk factor for pregnancy loss, but the role that maternal antimalarial immune responses play in fetal compromise is not clear. We conducted longitudinal and serial sacrifice studies to examine the pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy using the Plasmodium chabaudi AS/C57BL/6 mouse model. Peak parasitemia following inoculation with 1,000 parasite-infected murine erythrocytes and survival were similar in infected pregnant and nonpregnant mice, although development of parasitemia and anemia was slightly accelerated in pregnant mice. Importantly, pregnant mice failed to maintain viable pregnancies, most aborting before day 12 of gestation. At abortion, maternal placental blood parasitemia was statistically significantly higher than peripheral parasitemia. Infected mice had similar increases in spleen size and cellularity which were statistically significantly higher than in uninfected mice. In contrast, splenocyte proliferation in response to mitogenic stimulation around peak parasitemia was statistically significantly reduced in both groups of infected mice compared to uninfected, nonpregnant mice, suggesting that lymphoproliferation is not a good indicator of the antimalarial immune responses in pregnant or nonpregnant animals. This study suggests that while pregnant and nonpregnant C57BL/6 mice are equally capable of mounting an effective immune response to and surviving P. chabaudi AS infection, pregnant mice cannot produce viable pups. Fetal loss appears to be associated with placental accumulation of infected erythrocytes. Further study is required to determine to what extent maternal antimalarial immune responses, anemia, and placental accumulation of parasites contribute to compromised pregnancy in this model.

scholarly journals THE DILATATION OF BRAIN VENTRICLE DUE TO CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN MICE CORRELATED WITH APOPTOSIS BUT NOT WITH TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Tri Suwanti ◽  
Mufasirin Mufasirin ◽  
Hani Plumeriastuti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Brain Ventricle ◽  
Growth Factor Beta

This study aimed to determine the occurences of mice brain ventricles dilatation that congenitally infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as a marker of hydrocephalus and cellular changes in the brain. A total of twenty pregnant mice (11.5 days pregnacy) were divided into 2 groups, which were control (P1) group and treatment (P2) group. The mice in the treatment group were infected with 101 tachyzoites of T. gondii. All mice were maintained until delivery. The newborn mice were sacrificed and their brain were removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin to prepare histology slides with HE staining for observation of ventricular width, TUNEL assay for apoptosis observation, and immunohistochemistry for the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) observations. The data were analyzed using t test and linear regression. The results showed that ventricular width and apoptosis index significantly increased (P<0.01) in the treatment group compared to control group, but there was no difference in the expression of TGF-β (P>0.05) in both groups. Dilatation of ventricle correlated with the apoptotic index of brain cells but did not correlated with the expression of TGF-β.

The Fetoplacental Circulation During Parturition: Evidence From Residual Placental Blood Volume

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-216
Author(s):  
Joachim G. Klebe ◽  
Carl Johan Ingomar
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Fetal Blood ◽  
Vaginal Route ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
Placental Blood

The volume of blood left in the fetal part of the placenta after early clamping of the umbilical cord (residual placental blood) was measured in 24 deliveries, and found to be larger among infants born by the vaginal route compared to those born by cesarean section. The result is interpreted as an evidence of a temporary depositing of blood in the placenta during the second stage of labor. As early clamping of the umbilical cord, therefore, among cases of vaginal deliveries, amounts to a blood-letting of about 30 ml of the newborn infant's own blood, it is considered not to be a physiological procedure. The investigation has also demonstrated that the residual placental blood, among cases of vaginally delivered and early clamped infants, fails to represent the intrauterine distribution of the fetoplacental blood volume. Finally, the investigation shows that the placental transfusion, which takes place in late clamped infants, partly originates from previously deposited fetal blood, partly from placental blood. See table in the PDF file. See image in the PDF file. See image in the PDF file.

scholarly journals Effect of vaginal distention on elastic fiber synthesis and matrix degradation in the vaginal wall: potential role in the pathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (4) ◽  
pp. R1351-R1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Rahn ◽  
J. F. Acevedo ◽  
R. A. Word
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Organ Prolapse ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
Pelvic Organ ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Fiber Assembly ◽  
Pregnant Mice

Matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activity is increased in the postpartum vagina of wild-type (WT) animals. This degradative activity is also accompanied by a burst in elastic fiber synthesis and assembly. The mechanisms that precipitate these changes are unclear. The goals of this study were to determine how vaginal distention (such as in parturition) affects elastic fiber homeostasis in the vaginal wall and the potential significance of these changes in the pathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse. Vaginal distention with a balloon simulating parturition resulted in increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity in the vaginal wall of nonpregnant and pregnant animals. This was accompanied by visible fragmented and disrupted elastic fibers in the vaginal wall. In nonpregnant animals, the abundant amounts of tropoelastin and fibulin-5 in the vagina were not increased further by distention. In contrast, in pregnant animals, the suppressed levels of both proteins were increased 3-fold after vaginal distention. Distention performed in fibulin-5-deficient ( Fbln5−/−) mice with defective elastic fiber synthesis and assembly induced accelerated pelvic organ prolapse, which never recovered. We conclude that, in pregnant mice, vaginal distention results in increased protease activity in the vaginal wall but also increased synthesis of proteins important for elastic fiber assembly. Distention may thereby contribute to the burst of elastic fiber synthesis in the postpartum vagina. The finding that distention results in accelerated pelvic organ prolapse in Fbln5−/− animals, but not in WT, indicates that elastic fiber synthesis is crucial for recovery of the vaginal wall from distention-induced increases in vaginal protease activity.

The disappearance of the X zone of the mouse adrenal cortex during first pregnancy

1952 ◽  
Vol 139 (896) ◽  
pp. 398-410 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Connective Tissue Capsule ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Tissue Capsule

The X zone is a wide juxta-medullary layer of cells in the adrenal glands of young mature virgin female mice. Usually the zone begins to degenerate about the 7th day of pregnancy, approximately 48 h after implantation of the embryo. By the 15th day of pregnancy the X zone has disappeared. The pattern of X-zone degeneration found in normal pregnancy can be reproduced in young mature virgin mice by allowing transplants of fertilized eggs from donor mice to grow either in the anterior chamber of the eye or under the kidney capsule. These growths are chiefly composed of trophoblast. In castrated mice and in immature females with such growths the X zone is unaffected. The ovary is therefore an essential factor in the train of events leading to X-zone degeneration. In addition, in the ovaries of females in which transplanted eggs had grown and in which the X zone had degenerated, there were corpora lutea resembling the functional ones in the ovaries of pregnant mice. Portions of ventral prostate from 21-day-old males were grafted into the anterior chamber of the eye. In normally pregnant mice such grafts gave clear evidence of stimulation by the 15th day of pregnancy. The prostate grafts in virgin females injected with testosterone were also stimulated; a dose of 20μg, which caused disappearance of the X zone, gave a stimulation equivalent to that seen in the graft of 15-day pregnant mice. Some indication of prostate graft stimulation occurred in mature unmated females with growths from fertilized eggs. It is suggested that the mechanism of X-zone degeneration during first pregnancy is the production, in the first place, of a substance (luteotropic in nature) by the trophoblast of the developing embryo. This secretion acts upon the corpus luteum which, as a secondary effect of progesterone formation, produces an andromimetic substance. This, in turn , acts directly on the X zone to cause its degeneration together with the formation of a connective-tissue capsule around the medulla.

scholarly journals MODE OF ACTION OF STHANIK CHIKITSA IN COMMONLY USED IN STREE ROGA

AYUSHDHARA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Priyanka Teva ◽  
Kalpna Sharma ◽  
Hem Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Vaginal Epithelium ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Vaginal Route ◽  
Vaginal Suppository ◽  
Posterior Fornix

Yoni Roga do not occur without vitiation of Apana Vata, thus first of all Vata should be normalized then treatment of other Doshas should be done. Sthanika Chikitsa (local therapies) prescribed by ancient Acharyas as Yoni Prakshalana (cleansing of vagina), Yoni Pichu (medication soaked tampon place in the vagina), Yoni Purana (vaginal packing), Yoni Lepa (semisolid drug applied in vaginal wall), Yoni Varti (vaginal suppository), Yoni Dhoopana (vaginal fumigation) & Uttarbasti (medicated oil/Ghrita pushed in the uterine cavity). For better result of this therapy the appropriate knowledge of mode of action of drug ought to be important. Our Acharyas very well know the mode of action of this Sthanika Chikitsa and describe the specific Sthanika Chikista according to different Yoni- Vyapada or vitiated Doshas. The reason behind for chosen the vaginal route because of the rugae of the vaginal epithelium create a invoulted surface and results in a large surface area provide, this large surface area allows the trans-epithelial absorption of medications via the vaginal route & the posterior fornix have rich blood supply so actively absorption of drug. The main objective of this literature to find out the probable mode of action of special drug in specific Sthanik Chikitsa.

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