scholarly journals IMMOBILIZATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM IN VITRO BY ANTIBODY PRODUCED IN SYPHILITIC INFECTION

1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Nelson ◽  
Manfred M. Mayer ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Almost All

Treponema pallida were extracted from rabbit testicular syphilomas and suspended in a special medium in which the organisms remain motile and infectious for several days. On incubation of such suspensions with syphilitic rabbit or human sera and guinea pig complement, the treponemes became non-motile and lost their capacity to infect rabbits. Various factors affecting this immobilization have been investigated. In a preliminary survey of individual sera, immobilizing antibody could be detected in the majority of sera from syphilitic animals and human beings, but was absent in almost all the normal sera examined. It could be demonstrated that the immobilizing and reagin activities of syphilis sera are due to separate antibodies.

scholarly journals ANTIBODY FORMATION AGAINST TREPONEMA PALLIDUM—AGGLUTINATION

1915 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 576-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
Joseph Gardner Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human

It has been shown by our experiments that the serum of rabbits treated with emulsions of Treponema pallidum contains agglutinating substances. Normal rabbit serum also possesses agglutinating power for this organism, but, as in the case of normal bacterial agglutinins, to an extent very much inferior to that possessed by the sera of immunized animals. Normal human sera will agglutinate similar pallidum emulsions, as will the sera of certain syphilitic patients with positive Wassermann reactions. Whether or not there is a quantitative difference of diagnostic value between the sera of normal human beings and those of syphilitics remains to be seen. The sera of rabbits immunized with strain A agglutinate Noguchi's strain 9 in dilutions as high as 1 to 500. We regard as the most important result of these experiments the demonstration of definite antibodies in the circulation of animals treated with dead emulsions of Treponema pallidum. Since it is our belief that the agglutinating effect is due to an antibody essentially the same as that which produces bactericidal, precipitating, and opsonic effects, i. e., that there is probably one type of antibody only, we believe that the demonstration of agglutinins establishes the fact that in syphilis as in bacterial diseases the host responds by the formation of antibodies or sensitizers specific for the treponema. Spirocheticidal experiments with these sera, both in vitro and in vivo, are in progress.

scholarly journals INACTIVATION OF ENDOTOXIN BY A HUMORAL COMPONENT

1958 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Skarnes ◽  
Fred S. Rosen ◽  
Murray J. Shear ◽  
Maurice Landy
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Human Sera

A humoral substance which inactivates endotoxin in vitro has been shown to be clearly distinguishable from complement, properdin, and specific antibody. For the present, it is designated "endotoxin-detoxifying component" or EDC. Animal species could be grouped in three categories with regard to the EDC activity of their sera; rat serum was highly potent; chimpanzee, dog, horse, and guinea pig sera were much less active; mouse, rabbit, and sheep sera exhibited no activity. The EDC potency of human sera varied widely, ranging from high to barely discernible activity. In contrast to the variations of EDC potency in serum, citrated plasma from all species manifested high potency of about the same magnitude. The influence of time, temperature, pH, and concentration of reactants on the inactivation of endotoxin by EDC was examined. EDC activity in plasma and serum was found to be labile to beating at 56°C. for 1 hour. Bacterial endotoxins, derived by different isolation procedures from smooth and rough Gram-negative species, varied considerably in susceptibility to EDC action.

Factors Affecting the Survival of Treponema pallidum in vitro.

1948 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 588-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Nelson ◽  
H. G. Steinman
Keyword(s):  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Factors Affecting

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CANINE DISTEMPER AND A RESPIRATORY DISEASE OF MAN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
JOHN M. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Human Illness ◽  
Human Gamma Globulin ◽  
Tissue Reactions

Clinical, epidemiologic, pathologic and serologic evidence has been presented which indicates a possible relationship of canine distemper and a respiratory disease of human beings. Neutralization of distemper viral infection in ferrets has been accomplished experimentally; infection caused by this virus in living chick-embryos has been neutralized by human sera and by human gamma globulin. Both in vivo and in vitro methods were employed in these experiments. Inclusion bodies are shown with the same morphologic and staining characteristics as well as similar tissue reactions to infection. The striking features of these changes are the proliferation and destruction of pulmonary lining epithelium, giant cell formation, and a predominant mononuclear reaction in the animal and human sections. A review of the literature on a possible relationship between canine distemper and human illness has been presented. The former disease is now proved to be due to a specific virus.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE PHENOMENON OF D'HÉRELLE WITH BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ

1921 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Wollstein
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Complete Resistance ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Intraperitoneal Inoculation

It has been shown that a lytic fluid for dysentery bacilli can be obtained from the peritoneum of the guinea pig by intraperitoneal inoculation of live dysentery bacilli, and that the lytic action of such a fluid is not strictly specific, but that it exerts a group action on the dysentery-colon-typhoid group of bacilli. A lytic fluid with similar effects was obtained from a child dying of Flexner dysentery infection, and an anti-colon bacillus lytic fluid from a child who died of intussusception with colon bacillus peritonitis. The action of the lytic fluid on the dysentery bacilli, both in vivo and in vitro, is to divide the culture into sensitive and resistant strains, and the latter can be carried to a degree of very marked, if not complete resistance to lysis. Such resistant strains are not lysogenic, nor are they agglutinable. The sensitive strains are lysogenic and agglutinable. Varying degrees of sensitive and resistant bacilli exist in a single culture. The sensitive bacilli gradually lose the lysogenic property which they acquired under special conditions, but the very resistant bacilli never acquire that property. It is conceivable that the resistant strains are responsible for the untoward outcome of disease in human beings. Theoretically the administration of lytic fluid should rid the intestinal tract of most of the infecting bacilli, and only if completely resistant bacilli in large numbers remain unacted on is the outcome of the disease a fatal one.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC AGGLUTINATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM BY SERA FROM RABBITS AND HUMAN BEINGS WITH TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS

1955 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Hardy ◽  
E. Ellen Nell
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Divalent Cation ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Ethylene Diamine ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Human Sera

A method has been described for the preparation of Treponema pallidum suspensions that are suitable for specific agglutination studies and can be stored at 4°C. for months without loss of agglutinability. Such suspensions have been shown to react with two distinct antibodies in the serum of syphilitic animals and man: Wassermann antibody and a specific treponeme agglutinin. It has been demonstrated that the agglutination of treponemes by specific treponeme agglutinin is enhanced by heat treatment or aging of the suspension, and inhibited by a divalent cation, probably Ca++, normally present in serum. This inhibition has been overcome by the use of a chelating agent, ethylene-diamine tetracetate. These findings have been utilized to devise a simple agglutination test for the diagnosis of treponeme infections that is very sensitive and highly specific. This test has been carried out with 430 human sera, and a comparison has been made of the results of the agglutination, treponemal immobilization, and standard serological tests on these sera. The agglutination test appears to have a specificity comparable to the treponemal immobilization test and considerably greater than the standard serological tests.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the attachment of Treponema pallidum to mammalian cells in vitro.

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
G H Wong ◽  
B Steiner ◽  
S Faine ◽  
S Graves
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Factors Affecting

Inhibition of Human and Animal Platelet Adhesiveness to Glass Bead Columns by Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Chlorpromazine and Acetylsalicylic Acid

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buichi Fujttani ◽  
Toshimichi Tsuboi ◽  
Kazuko Takeno ◽  
Kouichi Yoshida ◽  
Masanao Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Platelet Adhesiveness

SummaryThe differences among human, rabbit and guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness as for inhibitions by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid are described, and the influence of measurement conditions on platelet adhesiveness is also reported. Platelet adhesiveness of human and animal species decreased with an increase of heparin concentrations and an increase of flow rate of blood passing through a glass bead column. Human and rabbit platelet adhesiveness was inhibited in vitro by adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine, but not by acetylsalicylic acid. On the other hand, guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness was inhibited by the four drugs including acetylsalicylic acid. In in vivo study, adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine inhibited platelet adhesiveness in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Acetylsalicylic acid showed the inhibitory effect in guinea-pigs, but not in rabbits.

INHIBITION OF LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF SYNTHETIC β1–24 AND β1–39 CORTICOTROPHIN BY ANTI-ACTH ANTISERUM

1966 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Villanueva ◽  
S. J. H. Ashcroft ◽  
J. P. Felber
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Peptide Hormones ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Double Antibody ◽  
Epididymal Fat ◽  
Antibody Complex ◽  
Radio Immunoassay ◽  
Antigen Antibody

ABSTRACT The synthetic ACTH peptides β1–39 and β1–24 stimulated lipolysis as determined by the rat epididymal fat pad in vitro. The stimulating effect of these peptides was diminished by prior incubation of the peptides with antibodies produced by the guinea-pig against ACTH. The stimulating effect of these hormones was also diminished by the double antibody system used in the radio-immunoassay of ACTH and other peptide hormones, in which incubation with antiserum is followed by precipitation of the antigen-antibody complex by rabbit anti-guinea-pig-γ-globulin.

IN VITRO METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL FUNCTIONS TO SECRETE GONADOTROPHIN

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S27-S40 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kobayashi ◽  
T. Kigawa ◽  
M. Mizuno ◽  
T. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Sheet ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hypothalamic Extract ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Single Cell Culture ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT There are several in vitro methods to analyse the function of the adenohypophysis or the mechanisms of its regulation. The present paper deals with single cell culture, organ culture and short term incubation techniques by which the morphology and gonadotrophin-secreting function of the adenohypophysis were studied. In trypsin-dispersed cell culture, the adenohypophysial cells showed extensive propagation to form numerous cell colonies and finally develop into a confluent monolayer cell sheet covering completely the surface of culture vessels. Almost all of the cultured cells, however, became chromophobic, at least at the end of the first week of cultivation, when gonadotrophin was detectable neither in the culture medium nor in the cells themselves. After the addition of the hypothalamic extract, gonadotrophin became detectable again, and basophilic or PAS-positive granules also reappeared within the cells, suggesting that the gonadotrophs were stimulated by the extract to produce gonadotrophin. In organ culture and short term incubation, the incorporation of [3H] leucine into the adenohypophysial cells in relation to the addition of hypothalamic extract was examined. It was obvious that the ability to incorporate [3H] leucine into the gonadotrophs in vitro was highly dependent upon the presence of the hypothalamic extract.

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