scholarly journals STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)

1946 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Curnen ◽  
Frank L. Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Virus Particle ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Mammalian Host

1. The cause for the phenomenon of hemagglutination with heated PVM suspensions has been sought. 2. Evidence in wide variety indicates that the component responsible for hemagglutination is the virus particle itself. 3. The virus is capable of combining with a substance present in lung tissue of certain mammalian host species susceptible to infection by PVM. The occurrence of such combination accounts for a number of unusual properties manifested by this pneumotropic virus.

scholarly journals Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and  Domestic Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission, Spillover,  and Disease Emergence?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Nova
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Multiple Species

Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates. The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to the wellbeing of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine emerging coronaviruses’ potential for infecting different host species, and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission occurs in order to mitigate the rate of disease emergence. Here, I review (broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date knowledge of host range and circumstances concerning reported cross-species transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans and common domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host ranges, were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and spread), and their emergence was likely associated with high-host-density environments facilitating multi-species interactions (e.g., shelters, farms, and markets) and the health or wellbeing of animals as end- and/or intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events that have ultimately led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in multiple species in a relatively short period of time in a world undergoing rapid environmental change.

scholarly journals Lentiviral Vif Degrades the APOBEC3Z3/APOBEC3H Protein of Its Mammalian Host and Is Capable of Cross-Species Activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (16) ◽  
pp. 8193-8201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca S. LaRue ◽  
Joy Lengyel ◽  
Stefán R. Jónsson ◽  
Valgerdur Andrésdóttir ◽  
Reuben S. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus ◽  
Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Neutralization Capacity ◽  
Type Protein ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Species Activity ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Anemia Virus

ABSTRACT All lentiviruses except equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) use the small accessory protein Vif to counteract the restriction activity of the relevant APOBEC3 (A3) proteins of their host species. Prior studies have suggested that the Vif-A3 interaction is species specific. Here, using the APOBEC3H (Z3)-type proteins from five distinct mammals, we report that this is generally not the case: some lentiviral Vif proteins are capable of triggering the degradation of both the A3Z3-type protein of their normal host species and those of several other mammals. For instance, SIVmac Vif can mediate the degradation of the human, macaque, and cow A3Z3-type proteins but not of the sheep or cat A3Z3-type proteins. Maedi-visna virus (MVV) Vif is similarly promiscuous, degrading not only sheep A3Z3 but also the A3Z3-type proteins of humans, macaques, cows, and cats. In contrast to the neutralization capacity of these Vif proteins, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Vif appear specific to the A3Z3-type protein of their hosts. We conclude, first, that the Vif-A3Z3 interaction can be promiscuous and, second, despite this tendency, that each lentiviral Vif protein is optimized to degrade the A3Z3 protein of its mammalian host. Our results thereby suggest that the Vif-A3Z3 interaction is relevant to lentivirus biology.

Differentiation and Distribution of the Flea Amalaraeus penicilliger (Grube, 1851) in Western and Central Europe

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-276
Author(s):  
Gunvor Brinck-Lindroth
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Pleistocene Glaciation

AbstractThe Microtinae flea Amalaraeus penicilliger is represented by four subspecies in Europe. The differentiating characters of the males are described and their relationships studied. The origin and supposed dispersal in relation to Pleistocene Glaciation and the mammalian host species are discussed. A. p. pyrenaicus ssp.n., the fourth European subspecies, is described.

scholarly journals Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and Domestic Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission, Spillover, and Disease Emergence?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Nova
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Multiple Species

Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates. The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to the well-being of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine emerging coronaviruses' potential for infecting different host species, and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission occurs in order to mitigate the rate of disease emergence. Here, I review (broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date knowledge of host range and circumstances concerning reported cross-species transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans and common domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host ranges, were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and spread), and their emergence was likely associated with high-host-density environments facilitating multi-species interactions (e.g., shelters, farms, and markets) and the health or well-being of animals as end- and/or intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events that have ultimately led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in multiple species in a relatively short period of time in a world undergoing rapid environmental change.

scholarly journals Multiple DNA viruses identified in multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis) populations from across regions of sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 165 (10) ◽  
pp. 2291-2299
Author(s):  
Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer ◽  
Léonce Kouadio ◽  
Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann ◽  
Nafomon Sogoba ◽  
Kyle Rosenke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Host Species ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Mastomys Natalensis ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Zoonotic Risk

Abstract The multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis; M. natalensis) serves as the main reservoir for the zoonotic arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV), and this has led to considerable investigation into the distribution of LASV and other related arenaviruses in this host species. In contrast to the situation with arenaviruses, the presence of other viruses in M. natalensis remains largely unexplored. In this study, herpesviruses and polyomaviruses were identified and partially characterized by PCR methods, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. In tissues sampled from M. natalensis populations in Côte d'Ivoire and Mali, six new DNA viruses (four betaherpesviruses, one gammaherpesvirus and one polyomavirus) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis based on glycoprotein B amino acid sequences showed that the herpesviruses clustered with cytomegaloviruses and rhadinoviruses of multiple rodent species. The complete circular genome of the newly identified polyomavirus was amplified by PCR. Amino acid sequence analysis of the large T antigen or VP1 showed that this virus clustered with a known polyomavirus from a house mouse (species Mus musculus polyomavirus 1). These two polyomaviruses form a clade with other rodent polyomaviruses, and the newly identified virus represents the third known polyomavirus of M. natalensis. This study represents the first identification of herpesviruses and the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in M. natalensis. In contrast to arenaviruses, we anticipate that these newly identified viruses represent a low zoonotic risk due to the normally highly restricted specificity of members of these two DNA virus families to their individual mammalian host species.

scholarly journals Avian Influenza A Viruses Reassort and Diversify Differently in Mallards and Mammals

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Ketaki Ganti ◽  
Anish Bagga ◽  
Juliana DaSilva ◽  
Samuel S. Shepard ◽  
John R. Barnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Model System ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Viral Diversity ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Longitudinal Patterns ◽  
Novel Host

Reassortment among co-infecting influenza A viruses (IAVs) is an important source of viral diversity and can facilitate expansion into novel host species. Indeed, reassortment played a key role in the evolution of the last three pandemic IAVs. Observed patterns of reassortment within a coinfected host are likely to be shaped by several factors, including viral load, the extent of viral mixing within the host and the stringency of selection. These factors in turn are expected to vary among the diverse host species that IAV infects. To investigate host differences in IAV reassortment, here we examined reassortment of two distinct avian IAVs within their natural host (mallards) and a mammalian model system (guinea pigs). Animals were co-inoculated with A/wildbird/California/187718-36/2008 (H3N8) and A/mallard/Colorado/P66F1-5/2008 (H4N6) viruses. Longitudinal samples were collected from the cloaca of mallards or the nasal tract of guinea pigs and viral genetic exchange was monitored by genotyping clonal isolates from these samples. Relative to those in guinea pigs, viral populations in mallards showed higher frequencies of reassortant genotypes and were characterized by higher genotype richness and diversity. In line with these observations, analysis of pairwise segment combinations revealed lower linkage disequilibrium in mallards as compared to guinea pigs. No clear longitudinal patterns in richness, diversity or linkage disequilibrium were present in either host. Our results reveal mallards to be a highly permissive host for IAV reassortment and suggest that reduced viral mixing limits avian IAV reassortment in a mammalian host.

scholarly journals Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and  Domestic Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission, Spillover,  and Disease Emergence?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Nova
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Multiple Species

Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates. The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to the wellbeing of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine emerging coronaviruses’ potential for infecting different host species, and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission occurs in order to mitigate rate of disease emergence. Here, I review (broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date knowledge of host range and circumstances concerning reported cross-species transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans and common domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host ranges, were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and spread), and their emergence was likely associated with high-host-density environments facilitating multi-species interactions (e.g., shelters, farms, markets) and the health or wellbeing of animals as end- and/or intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events that have ultimately led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in multiple species in a relatively short period of time in a world undergoing rapid environmental change.

scholarly journals Cross-Species Transmission of Emerging Coronaviruses in Humans and Domestic Mammals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Nova
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Multiple Species

Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates. The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to the well-being of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine emerging coronaviruses’ potential for infecting different host species, and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission occurs in order to mitigate the rate of disease emergence. Here, I review (broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date knowledge of host range and circumstances concerning reported cross-species transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans and common domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host ranges, were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and spread), and their emergence was likely associated with high-host-density environments facilitating multi-species interactions (e.g., shelters, farms, markets) and the health or well-being of animals as end- and/or intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events that have ultimately led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in multiple species in a relatively short period of time in a world undergoing rapid environmental change.

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