scholarly journals ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS OF THE BRAIN IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS

1945 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harland G. Wood ◽  
Irving I. Rusoff ◽  
John M. Reiner
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimentally Induced

The rate of anaerobic glycolysis of brain tissue was compared for normal animals and animals with experimentally induced poliomyelitis, using two different strains of mice and two different procedures. The report of interference of poliomyelitis with anaerobic glycolysis of brain was not confirmed. In one series there was a small increase and in the other series a small decrease in the brain QCOCO2N2 calculated for infected animals as compared to normal animals. When the calculations were made on the basis of wet weight of brain there was no difference in glycolysis. It is considered that the methods so far used for study of the enzymes may be inadequate, and that no decision is as yet possible on the effect of poliomyelitis on anaerobic glycolysis.

scholarly journals INFECTION OF MICE WITH MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI GROWN IN TWEEN-ALBUMIN LIQUID MEDIUM

1947 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Pierce ◽  
René J. Dubos ◽  
Gardner Middlebrook
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Tuberculous Infection ◽  
Infectious Process ◽  
Intraperitoneal Route ◽  
Rate Of Progression ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Intracerebral Infection ◽  
The Brain

Introduction of the bacilli by the mtravenous route or by feeding gives rise to a disease predominantly localized in the lungs. Following intracerebral infection, the bacilli first multiply rapidly in the brain tissue, and then invade other organs, producing lesions especially in the lungs. Injection of the bacilli by the intraperitoneal route is less effective than by either the intravenous or intracerebral routes; however, admixture of the bacilli with some of the components of egg yolk increases both the infectivity and the pulmonary localization. Different strains of mice differ markedly in their susceptibility to experimental tuberculous infection; the highest susceptibility was observed among the pigmented strains (line 1 dba and C57 black). Greater resistance does not appear to depend on the ability to prevent the establishment of infection, but rather corresponds to a slower rate of progression of the infectious process. It is possible to produce in mice tuberculosis presenting any desired degree of acuteness or chronicity by controlling certain factors which condition the initiation and the progression of the infection.

scholarly journals Brain Tissue Acidosis and Changes of Energy Metabolism in Mild Incomplete Ischemia—Topographical Study

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Ho Kim ◽  
Hajime Handa ◽  
Masatsune Ishikawa ◽  
Osamu Hirai ◽  
Shinzo Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
Tissue Ph ◽  
Tissue Acidosis ◽  
Energy Failure ◽  
Incomplete Ischemia

Regional changes of brain tissue pH and its correlation to energy metabolism were studied in various degrees of incomplete ischemia for 5 and 60 min in the unilateral common carotid occlusion of normally fed mongolian gerbils. The degree of ischemia was evaluated by the severity of neurological deficits following 60 min of occlusion, and animals were divided into three groups: symptomatic, borderline, and asymptomatic. Changes of NADH and ATP distribution corresponded well to the degree of ischemia. On the other hand, acidosis developed more clearly and extended in wider areas than the changes of NADH and ATP distribution. These changes were already seen at 5 min of occlusion. From the results of this experiment, it was suspected that acidosis in mild incomplete ischemia was due to stimulated anaerobic glycolysis that might supplement NADH oxidation and ATP yields. Further, acidosis without energy failure was considered not to be detrimental to neuronal cells.

scholarly journals Baylisascaris potosis larvae in mice of different strains and infectivity of tissue larvae

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-292
Author(s):  
K. Taira ◽  
M. Takechi ◽  
H. K. Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Icr Mice ◽  
Tissue Migration ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Brain

SummaryMigration of Baylisascaris potosis larvae in different mouse strains were compared, and infectivity of the persisting larvae in mice tissues were investigated. Five strains of mice, BALB/c, C57BL/6, AKR, B10.BR, and ICR were inoculated with 1,000 B. potosis eggs/mouse, and necropsied at week 13 post inoculation (PI). The other uninfected ICR mice (secondary host) were inoculated with 43 larvae/ mouse recovered from mice at week 13 PI with eggs, and necropsied at day 21 PI. Larvae in organs or tissues were counted at necropsy. One AKR mouse showed torticollis and circling at day 56 PI. At necropsy at week 13 PI, larvae were recovered from all mice. A mean total larvae recovered were 124.1 (n=40). Majority of larvae were found in the carcass (mean 113.9) and some in the viscera (mean 9.9). Zero to 1 larva were found in the brain or eyes of some mice. There were no differences among the mouse strains in the number of larvae, except in the viscera; more larvae were seen in BALB/c or ICR than in B10.BR mice. No larvae were found in the secondary host mice. Present study demonstrated that B. potosis larvae migrate well in the carcass of any strains of mice, however, the tissue larvae did not infect the secondary host. Results of our present study suggest that B. potosis larvae is less aggressive for the nervous tissue migration than that of B. procyonis larvae which is commonly known to migrate in central nervous system of mammals and birds.

Clinical evaluation of Nasya Karma and Vatagajankusha Rasa effect in the management of Pakshaghata

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep . ◽  
A. S. Prashanth ◽  
S. G. Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain

Vata Vyadhi is considered one among the Ashta Maha Gada as told by Acharya’s. Out of all Nanatmaja Vata Vyadhis, the disease Pakshaghata is considered superior among the other Vataja disorders. In modern era, the Lakshana’s of Pakshaghata is closely resembles the disease Hemiplegia. In Hemiplegia, symptoms appears due to the Ischemia of Brain tissue which is an end result of improper blood supply to the brain either due to thrombus, embolism or may be due to rupture of any cerebral blood vessels. Acharya Bhela, has considered Pakshaghata as one among the Asthi Majjagata Roga’s. Acharya Sushruta also states that, the Mastulunga Majja is nothing but it is Majjadhara Kala. So, here an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficacy of Brimhana Nasya along with Shamanoushadi’s for the management of Pakashaghata.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals in Liver, Kidney, Brain and Muscle Slender-Billed Gull (Chroicocephalus Genei) From the Chahnimeh Water Reservoirs Sistan and Coast Oman Sea (Iran)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz ◽  
Joanna Burger
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Oman Sea ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sea Coast

Abstract The concentrations of four heavy metals nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in liver, kidney, muscle and brain tissues of 20 slender-billed gulls (Chroicocephalus genei) from the Chahnimeh water reservoirs of Sistan and the Oman Sea coast of Iran. There were significant differences between nickel Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations observed in the liver and brains of birds from the Oman Sea coast than in liver and brains of gulls from the Chahnimeh water reservoirs (P < 0.05). Higher levels of Pb, Cd and Zn were found in the brain and liver of gulls than in the kidney and muscles tissues. There were significant gender differences in heavy metals in liver and brain tissue. In gulls from the coast of Oman Sea, all four elements (Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn) were positively correlated with levels in all organs, and except for muscle, the elements were positively correlated with the other elements in the other tissue (except Ni in brain). Thus, the pathways and sources of entry for the elements are similar, and the pathways for accumulation of these elements, and the reactions of different organs of the body to these elements, are very similar. Also, 40% of gulls in Oman Sea coast had levels of lead in the brain that were above the adverse effects levels, Ni concentrations in liver of slender-billed gull in Oman Sea coast (100 %) and Chahnimeh water reservoirs (90 %) were above toxic levels, and 80% of Ni concentration in kidneys in gulls from the Oman Sea coast and Chahnimeh water reservoirs were higher than the toxicity levels.

scholarly journals SCH 56592, Amphotericin B, or Itraconazole Therapy of Experimental Murine Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Due toRamichloridium obovoideum (“Ramichloridium mackenziei”)

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1159-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hail M. Al-Abdely ◽  
Laura Najvar ◽  
Rosie Bocanegra ◽  
Annette Fothergill ◽  
David Loebenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Ramichloridium obovoideum (“Ramichloridium makenziei”) is a rare cause of lethal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. It has been, so far, geographically restricted to the Middle East. BALB/c mice were inoculated with two strains ofR. obovoideum intracranially. Therapy with amphotericin B, itraconazole, or the investigational triazole SCH 56592 was conducted for 10 days. Half the mice were monitored for survival and half were killed for determination of the fungal load in brain tissue. Recipients of SCH 56592 had significantly prolonged survival and lower brain fungal burden, and this result was found for mice infected with both of the fungal strains tested. Itraconazole reduced the brain fungal load in mice infected with one strain but not the other, while amphotericin B had no effect on brain fungal concentrations. This study indicates a possible role of SCH 56592 in the treatment of the serious cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to R. obovoideum.

scholarly journals An Experimental Analysis of the Catecholamines in Hyperglycemia and Acidosis-Induced Rat Brain

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ramakrishnan ◽  
M.Y. Nazer ◽  
N. Suthanthirarajan ◽  
A. Namasivayam
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Elevation ◽  
Diabetes In Animals ◽  
Acute Diabetes ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Pons Medulla ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Catecholamine Levels ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Hyperglycemia and acidosis are the hallmarks of diabetes. Since these factors play an important role in diabetic complications, we have studied the brain catecholamine levels in hyperglycemic and acidotic conditions per se. Experimentally induced hyperglycemia and acidosis are accompanied by significant alterations in the catecholamine levels in discrete areas of the brain. We and others have shown that chronic or acute diabetes in animals, as well as in humans results in altered neurotransmitter levels. In the present study, hyperglycemia maintained by daily external administration of glucose for thirty days showed increased level of dopamine in striatum and hippocampus, elevation of norepinephrine in hippocampus, and increased level of epinephrine in hypothalamus, midbrain and pons medulla. The ammonium chloride induced acidosis demonstrated significant elevation of dopamine in midbrain and significant increase of norepinephrine in hypothalamus and midbrain, and increased level of epinephrine in hypothalamus, pons medulla and cerebral cortex. On the other hand, sodium acetoacetate induced acidosis did not show any significant change in the level of catecholamines in any of the areas studied. In conclusion, the changes in catecholamine levels observed in experimentally induced hyperglycemic as well as in acidotic conditions are closely related to the changes observed in spontaneous or alloxan or streptozotocin diabetic animals, thereby suggesting that these conditions may be responsible for the changes observed in diabetic animals.

MICROCHEMICAL ASSAYS OF GLUCOSE AND GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE IN MAMMALIAN PANCREATIC β-CELLS

1968 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Ake Idahl ◽  
Bo Hellman
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Level ◽  
Exocrine Pancreas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wide Concentration Range ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells ◽  
Enzymatic Cycling ◽  
Glucose Diffusion ◽  
Significant Barrier ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The combination of enzymatic cycling and fluorometry was used for measuring glucose and glucose-6-phosphate in pancreatic β-cells from obese-hyperglycaemic mice. The glucose level of the β-cells corresponded to that of serum over a wide concentration range. In the exocrine pancreas, on the other hand, a significant barrier to glucose diffusion across the cell membranes was demonstrated. During 5 min of ischaemia, the glucose level remained practically unchanged in the β-cells while it increased in the liver and decreased in the brain. The observation that the pancreatic β-cells are characterized by a relatively low ratio of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose may be attributed to the presence of a specific glucose-6-phosphatase.

Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Clozapine in Rat Brain Tissue, Using its Molecularly Imprinted Polymer after Administration of Toxic Dose of Drug and Lipid Emulsion Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-257
Author(s):  
Bahareh Sadat Yousefsani ◽  
Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri ◽  
Mohammad Moshiri ◽  
Hossein Hosseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Lipid Emulsion ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rat Brain Tissue

Background:Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic polymers that have a selective site for a given analyte, or a group of structurally related compounds, that make them ideal polymers to be used in separation processes.Objective:An optimized molecularly imprinted polymer was selected and applied for selective extraction and analysis of clozapine in rat brain tissue.Methods:A molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method was developed for preconcentration and cleanup of clozapine in rat brain samples before HPLC-UV analysis. The extraction and analytical process was calibrated in the range of 0.025-100 ppm. Clozapine recovery in this MISPE process was calculated between 99.40 and 102.96%. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the assay were 0.003 and 0.025 ppm, respectively. Intra-day precision values for clozapine concentrations of 0.125 and 0.025 ppm were 5.30 and 3.55%, whereas inter-day precision values of these concentrations were 9.23 and 6.15%, respectively. In this study, the effect of lipid emulsion infusion in reducing the brain concentration of drug was also evaluated.Results:The data indicated that calibrated method was successfully applied for the analysis of clozapine in the real rat brain samples after administration of a toxic dose to animal. Finally, the efficacy of lipid emulsion therapy in reducing the brain tissue concentration of clozapine after toxic administration of drug was determined.Conclusion:The proposed MISPE method could be applied in the extraction and preconcentration before HPLC-UV analysis of clozapine in rat brain tissue.

The Dioptrique

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ott
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Image ◽  
Brain Motion ◽  
Natural Geometry ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

Descartes’s treatment of perception in the Optics, though published before the Meditations, contains a distinct account of sensory experience. The end of the chapter suggests some reasons for this oddity, but that the two accounts are distinct is difficult to deny. Descartes in the present work topples the brain image from its throne. In its place, we have two mechanisms, one purely causal, the other inferential. Where the proper sensibles are concerned, the ordination of nature suffices to explain why a given sensation is triggered on the occasion of a given brain motion. The same is true with regard to the common sensibles. But on top of this purely causal story, Descartes re-introduces his doctrine of natural geometry.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document