scholarly journals ON THE PRESENCE IN SYPHILITIC SERUM OF ANTIBODIES TO SPIROCHETES, THEIR RELATION TO SO CALLED WASSERMANN REAGIN, AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE SERODIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Eagle ◽  
Ralph B. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Beef Heart ◽  
Mammalian Tissue ◽  
Practical Utility ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Antigenic Material ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Serodiagnosis Of Syphilis

1. In confirmation of Gaehtgens, syphilitic human sera give positive complement fixation with cultures of so called T. pallidum (Reiter strain). Syphilitic rabbit sera are equally reactive. Syphilitic human and rabbit sera agglutinate these cultures, often in high titre (Beck). 2. Normal rabbit sera react weakly with the culture to give both agglutination and complement fixation in low titre. Normal human sera, despite the fact that they contain agglutinins in low titre, fail to fix complement with the Reiter strain of cultured spirochetes. Confirming Gaehtgens, the latter reaction is therefore of practical utility for the serum diagnosis of syphilis. 3. When syphilitic serum is heated at 63°C., there is no demonstrable difference in the thermolability of the antibody to spirochetes, and of the reagin which determines the Wassermann and flocculation tests. 4. (a) The absorption of syphilitic serum by spirochetal suspensions removes all reactivity, not only for the spirochetes, but for tissue lipoids (alcoholic beef heart extract) as well; the sera become Wassermann- and flocculation-negative. (b) Absorption of syphilitic serum with tissue lipoids renders the Wassermann and flocculation tests negative, but does not demonstrably change the reactivity of the serum with spirochetes. (c) Rabbits immunized to beef heart lipoid develop spirochetal agglutinins and complement-fixing antibodies (Reiter strain) in high titre. 5. It is concluded that these cultured spirochetes contain antigenic material serologically related to a substance present in mammalian tissue, as well as other antigenic factors not present in such extracts, but equally reactive with syphilitic serum. 6. These findings support the thesis that the primary serologic change in syphilis is the development of antibodies to T. pallidum. The Wassermann and flocculation tests would be explained on the basis that the tissue extracts used as "antigen" in these tests contain one or more substances serologically related to antigenic components of T. pallidum. Similarly, the cultured Reiter strain of spirochete is apparently sufficiently close serologically to T. pallidum to be agglutinated by and to give complement fixation with the antibodies to T. pallidum present in syphilitic serum. 7. Since suspensions of cultured spirochetes contain antigenic factors which react specifically with syphilitic serum, some of which are not present in ordinary Wassermann and flocculation "antigens," they may prove even more valuable than those tissue extracts in the serodiagnosis of syphilis.

scholarly journals Natural And Immune Bactericidins For The Gonococcus

1936 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. B. Abdoosh
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Bactericidal Action ◽  
Probable Significance ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human

1. Normal human sera have no natural bactericidins active against strains of gonococci.2. Normal sera from eleven other mammalian species showed a powerful bactericidal action against various strains of gonococci.3. The serological heterogeneity of the gonococcus group revealed by agglutination and complement fixation is again demonstrated in the bactericidal test with immune antiserum.4. There is a steady rise in the incidence of positive bactericidal action in the sera of patients following the progress of infection with the gonococcus.5. The probable significance of these bactericidins, natural and immune, discussed.Acknowledgments. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Ledingham for the facilities for work granted me at the Lister Institute and to Dr Schiitze for his kind help and critical advice during the progress of this investigation.

scholarly journals The fimbrial antigens of Shigella flexneri

1958 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Gillies ◽  
J. P. Duguid
Keyword(s):  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Phase Culture ◽  
Haemagglutinating Activity ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
O Antigens ◽  
Binding Power

1. ‘Pure fimbrial antisera’ were prepared for Sh. flexneri strains of O-serotypes 1a, 2b, 3 and 4a and 5, by injecting rabbits with a living fimbriate-phase culture and absorbing the crude immune serum with a non-fimbriate-phase culture of the same strain to remove antibodies for the non-fimbrial (somatic) antigens. These sera gave at high titre a rapid, loosely floccular agglutination of all fimbriate-phase Flexneri cultures, caused adhesion of their fimbriae visible by electron-microscopy and inhibited their haemagglutinating activity. ‘Non-fimbrial antisera’, prepared by injection of non-fimbriate-phase cultures, were devoid of these activities; they gave somatic-type agglutination with fimbriate bacilli at lower titres than with homologous non-fimbriate bacilli, the fimbriae tending to mask the O-antigens and confer relative O-inagglutinability.2. Heating at 90°C. detached the fimbriae from the bacilli, so that these lost their haemagglutinating activity, fimbrial serum agglutinability and fimbrial agglutinin-binding power. When heated for 21/2 hr. at 100°C., the detached fimbriae retained agglutinin-binding power, but lost their immunogenicity.3. Cross-agglutination and absorption tests showed that the antigenic composition of the fimbriae was identical in all flexneri strains, irrespective of O-serotype. The flexneri pure fimbrial antisera agglutinated at low titre sixty out of sixty-six fimbriate Bact. coli strains. Absorption tests with a flexneri and three coli pure fimbrial antisera showed that the fimbriae of Sh. flexneri contained a major ‘flexneri-specific antigen’, found in only one coli strain, one or more minor ‘flexneri-coli antigens’ shared by a few coli strains. The coli fimbriae also contained a major, ‘coli type-specific antigen’ shared in groups of several related strains. The flexneri sera did not react with fimbriate strains of Bact. cloacae, Salmonella and Proteus.4. Fimbrial agglutinins for Sh. flexneri were found in eighty of eighty-one normal human sera at titres from 30 to 1920, and in some pre-immunization rabbit sera at titres of 30 to 60.

Complement fixation by antibodies to the alpha toxin of Staphylococcus aureus

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1127-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching Y. Lo ◽  
Hugh B. Fackrell ◽  
Gary M. Barei
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Alpha Toxin ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Carrier Erythrocytes ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
Normal Human

When rabbits were injected with the heat-denatured alpha toxin (toxoid) of Staphylococcus aureus, the immune response was demonstrated by an increase in antitoxin that fixed complement. Such antitoxin was detected in 72% of normal human sera. After fractionation of the antitoxin into two types (the antibinding antibodies and the indirect hemagglutinating antibodies), both types of antibodies were found to fix complement in the standard serological complement fixation test. In addition, the indirect hemagglutinating antibodies were capable of fixing complement when the antigen (alpha toxin or toxoid) was covalently or noncovalently bound to erythrocyte membranes. The fixation of complement by membrane-bound immune complexes did not result in lysis of the carrier erythrocytes. The prevalence of complement-fixing antitoxin in normal humans and animals raised the concern that the outcome of in vivo experiments involving alpha toxin could be influenced by the immune status of the host.

IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF INSULIN IN HUMAN SERUM

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Deckert ◽  
Kai R. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Pancreas ◽  
Porcine Pancreas ◽  
Crystalline Insulin ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a difference could be demonstrated between crystalline insulin extracted from normal human pancreas, and crystalline insulin extracted from bovine and porcine pancreas. Using Hales & Randle's (1963) immunoassay no immunological differences could be demonstrated between human and pig insulin. On the other hand, a significant difference was found, between pig and ox insulin. An attempt was also made to determine whether an immunological difference could be demonstrated between crystalline pig insulin and crystalline human insulin from non diabetic subjects on the one hand and endogenous, circulating insulin from normal subjects, obese subjects and diabetic subjects on the other. No such difference was found. From these experiments it is concluded that endogenous insulin in normal, obese and diabetic human sera is immunologically identical with human, crystalline insulin from non diabetic subjects and crystalline pig insulin.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES OF WATER-SOLUBLE HUMAN AMYLOID FIBRILS

1969 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Franklin ◽  
Mordechai Pras
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Amyloid Fibrils ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Normal Human

Eight preparations of soluble amyloid and degraded amyloid (DAM) were compared immunologically. Unlike amyloid fibrils, six of eight preparations of DAM proved to be relatively strong immunogens. Antisera to DAM reacted weakly or not at all with normal human serum or extracts of normal tissues, but were specifically reactive with amyloid fibrils or DAM. Comparative studies of DAM'S from eight different subjects showed some degree of cross-reactivity among them, yet demonstrated that they were not identical. Similar conclusions were obtained by quantitative precipitin and complement fixation analyses. Comparison of the amyloid fibrils with the homologous DAM by complement fixation and absorption studies demonstrated the existence in DAM of antigenic determinants that were lacking or inaccessible in the native fibrils. A search for amyloid precursors and antibodies to amyloid in the sera of 12 patients proved unsuccessful.

Antibody-like Activity to the 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Group in Normal Human Sera

Nature ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 221 (5184) ◽  
pp. 960-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL W. BRANDRISS
Keyword(s):  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human

THE DEGRADATION OF CHOLESTEROL BY MAMMALIAN TISSUE EXTRACTS

1954 ◽  
Vol 76 (15) ◽  
pp. 4048-4048 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Lynn ◽  
Ezra Staple ◽  
Samuel Gurin
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Tissue ◽  
Tissue Extracts

scholarly journals Construction and Characterization of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mucoid Exopolysaccharide-Alginate Conjugate Vaccine

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 3875-3884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Theilacker ◽  
Fadie T. Coleman ◽  
Simone Mueschenborn ◽  
Nicolas Llosa ◽  
Martha Grout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Vaccine Trial ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
Opsonic Activity ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human

ABSTRACT Deterioration of lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is closely associated with chronic pulmonary infection with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mucoid exopolysaccharide (MEP) from P. aeruginosa has been shown to induce opsonic antibodies in mice that are protective against this chronic infection. MEP-specific opsonic antibodies are also commonly found in the sera of older CF patients lacking detectable P. aeruginosa infection. When used in a human vaccine trial, however, MEP only minimally induced opsonic antibodies. To evaluate whether conjugation of MEP to a carrier protein could improve its immunogenicity, we bound thiolated MEP to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by using succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) as a linker. In contrast to the native MEP polymer, the MEP-KLH conjugate vaccine induced high titers of MEP-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in C3H-HeN mice and in a rabbit. Sera from mice immunized with MEP-KLH conjugate, but not from animals immunized with comparable doses of native MEP, demonstrated opsonic killing activity. Vaccination with MEP-KLH conjugate induced opsonic antibodies broadly cross-reactive to heterologous mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa. Preexisting nonopsonic antibodies to MEP are found in normal human sera, including young CF patients, and their presence impedes the induction of opsonic antibodies. Induction of nonopsonic antibodies by either intraperitoneal injection of MEP or injection or feeding of the cross-reactive antigen, seaweed alginate, reduced the level of overall IgG elicited by follow-up immunization with the MEP-KLH conjugate. However, the opsonic activity was lower only in the sera of MEP-KLH conjugate-immunized mice with preexisting antibodies induced by MEP but not with antibodies induced by seaweed alginate. Immunization with MEP-KLH elicited a significant proportion of antibodies specific to epitopes involving O-acetate residues, and this subpopulation of antibodies mediated opsonic killing of mucoid P. aeruginosa in vitro. These results indicate that conjugation of MEP to KLH significantly enhances its immunogenicity and the elicitation of opsonic antibodies in mice and rabbits, that the conjugate induces opsonic antibodies in the presence of preexisting nonopsonic antibodies, and that opsonic antibodies to MEP are directed at epitopes that include acetate residues on the uronic acid polymer.

A quantitative study of the distribution of IgG sub-classes in a group of normal human sera

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Shakib ◽  
D.R. Stanworth ◽  
R. Drew ◽  
D. Catty
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human
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