scholarly journals THE RELATION BETWEEN ANTIANAPHYLAXIS AND ANTIBODY BALANCE

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion C. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Anaphylactic Reaction ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
Pig Serum ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

1. Sensitized guinea pigs injected with normal rabbit or guinea pig serum previous to intravenous inoculation of antigen may be protected against a few lethal doses of antigen. The protection is greater with foreign than with homologous serum and appears to be related roughly to the amount of serum introduced. 2. Sensitized guinea pigs injected with antibody-containing serum preliminary to intravenous injection of antigen, show no greater refractoriness to anaphylaxis than do those injected with normal serum. 3. Moreover, in many instances, the injection of an excess of antibody into the circulation of sensitized guinea pigs, leads to an increased susceptibility of these animals to anaphylaxis. 4. These results indicate that an excess of circulating antibody is not responsible for a state of antianaphylaxis, but on the contrary, may contribute toward the anaphylactic reaction itself.

scholarly journals Afibrinogenemia and Thrombocytopenia in Guinea Pigs Following Injection of Echis Colorata Venom

Blood ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
JADWIGA RECHNIC ◽  
POLA TRACHTENBERG ◽  
JULIAN CASPER ◽  
CHAJA MOROZ ◽  
ANDRÉ DE VRIES
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Procoagulant Activity ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Factor V Deficiency ◽  
Fibrinogenolytic Activity ◽  
Fraction I ◽  
Lethal Doses

Abstract Intravenous injection into the guinea pig of lethal doses of Echis colorata venom or of each of its two chromatographic fractions, separately, caused hemorrhage, afibrinogenemia, factor V deficiency and thrombocytopenia. Sublethal venom doses caused afibrinogenemia, factor V deficiency and thrombocytopenia in the absence of hemorrhage. Early intravascular clotting was observed following injection of high lethal doses of both whole venom and of procoagulant-containing fraction II, but not of fraction I which was devoid of procoagulant activity. The afibrinogenemia produced by fraction I was due to its fibrinogenolysin, whereas the afibrinogenemia produced by fraction II, which also had fibrinogenolytic activity, was due chiefly to its procoagulant. Anti-Echis colorata venom rabbit serum inhibited the fibrinogenolytic, the procoagulant and the thrombocytopenic activities of the venom.

scholarly journals Some observations on reversed anaphylaxis

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Serum Fractions ◽  
Bronchial Resistance ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Pig Serum

1. The symptoms and autopsy findings in guinea-pigs following intravenous injection of antisera prepared against guinea-pig serum or serum fractions are described. Two types of reaction were observed, acute and delayed, similar to those described in direct anaphylaxis.2. The alterations in systemic blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and bronchial resistance, were investigated and found to simulate closely those observable in ordinary anaphylactic shock.3. The antisera have the power of stimulating contraction of the isolated uterus of the guinea-pig, either in the presence or absence of excess guinea-pig serum. The reaction, like that observed in direct anaphylaxis, is therefore cellular.4. Antisera prepared against guinea-pig serum proteins contain, in addition to precipitins, agglutinins for the red cells of that species, and Forssmann antibody. Neither of the last two antibodies, however, is responsible for the shock phenomena here described. It appears that the potency of a serum to produce shock in guinea-pigs is dependent on several factors, of which the most important is the content in precipitins reacting with the guinea-pig serum proteins. These precipitins give rise to the reactions following intravenous injection into guinea-pigs, not merely as a result of humoral combination with homologous antigens, but largely, if not wholly, as the result of an immune reaction with antigens in the protoplasm of the tissue cells.

scholarly journals EVIDENCE THAT THE L-ASPARAGINASE OF GUINEA PIG SERUM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ANTILYMPHOMA EFFECTS

1963 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Broome
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Salt Precipitation ◽  
Asparaginase Activity ◽  
Pig Serum

A number of the properties of the L-asparaginase present in guinea pig serum have been examined and shown to be indistinguishable from those of the agent responsible for inhibiting cells of lymphoma 6C3HED in vivo. The patterns of instability of the enzyme to changes in temperature and pH were found to parallel closely those of the antilymphoma agent. L-Asparaginase activity was essentially absent from the serum of newborn guinea pigs and this failed to inhibit 6C3HED cells. On separating guinea pig serum proteins by salt precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography on DEAE cellulose, antilymphoma activity was found only in fractions which contained L-asparaginase.

scholarly journals OCCURRENCE OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTHUS TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Salvin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Type Inclusion ◽  
Antibody Determination ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Guinea pigs were injected in the footpads with either purified diphtheria toxoid or recrystallized egg albumin in Freund adjuvant without mycobacteria. Each guinea pig was then skin-tested only once with the specific antigen and bled for antibody determination. After injection of the sensitizing antigen, a latent period occurred during which neither sensitivity nor circulating antibody could be detected. A period of delayed sensitivity followed wherein circulating antibody could not be discerned and which could be transferred by lymph node cells. Ultimately, the Arthus type sensitivity developed, accompanied by circulating antibody. The duration and severity of reactions to homologous antigens during the last 2 phases varied with the antigen and with the dose. An increase in the sensitizing dose decreased the duration of the delayed type of allergy, a decrease in the dose prolonged the delayed type. Inclusion of mycobacterium in the sensitizing inoculum tended to introduce delayed sensitivity earlier and delay the onset of Arthus type sensitivity. When specific precipitate in antibody excess was included with the toxoid in the sensitizing dose, the onset of the Arthus phase was hastened. When lymph nodes from a large number of sensitized donors were removed during the latter part of the latent period, recipients of the cells showed a delayed type sensitivity.

scholarly journals Immunity of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring

1912 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Südmersen ◽  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Constitutional Disturbance ◽  
Lower Resistance ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

1. A male guinea-pig which has received a single injection of a mixture of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin causing severe constitutional disturbance, may beget offspring of slightly lower resistance than normal to diphtheria toxin2. This effect is generally restricted to young born within twelve months after the injection of the father, being rarely noticed in the young of later litters.3. An increased susceptibility to diphtheria toxin is likewise observed in the offspring of male or female guinea-pigs which have received a large dose of horse serum. The greater susceptibility to diphtheria toxin of the young of male guinea-pigs which have been treated with toxin-antitoxin may therefore be non-specific in character.4. The injection of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixtures into guinea-pigs whether male or female reduces their rate of breeding and lowers the vitality of their young.5. These effects are most pronounced when the toxin-antitoxin mixture produces severe constitutional disturbance or contains excess of horse serum

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE DOG, RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, RAT, CHICKEN, AND TURTLE

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Lund ◽  
Louis A. Shaw ◽  
Cecil K. Drinker
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Manganese Dioxide ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quantitative Distribution

The distribution of manganese dioxide particles 1 hour following intravenous injection in cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, chickens, and turtles is described. This distribution is remarkably constant for all the animals tested, except the cat, in which the injected material is practically equally divided between the lungs and liver. In the other animals the liver performs the main share of the work, and in the cat it has been shown that the liver after 12 hours accumulates the manganese which was formerly deposited in the lungs. The results are in harmony with experiments in which bacterial suspensions are employed for injection and confirm the suggestion previously made (2) that in the first handling of foreign particulate material the animal behaves similarly whether protein or inorganic injections are used.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGY OF THE PERUVIAN STRAINS OF LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROIDES

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi ◽  
I. J. Kligler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Lethal Doses

Serum from yellow fever convalescents from Payta, Piura, and Morropon gave a positive Pfeiffer reaction with the strains of Leptospira icteroides isolated in Guayaquil and Merida. The serum also protected the guinea pigs from these strains in the majority of instances. The Pfeiffer reaction was complete with all recent convalescents (7 to 36 days) but slight or partial in some instances with serum derived from individuals who had had the attack of yellow fever 10 months previously. The virulence of the Morropon strains was found to be approximately the same as that of the Guayaquil or Merida strains. With one strain the minimum lethal dose for the guinea pig was less than 0.00001 cc. of a kidney emulsion from an infected guinea pig. Suitable quantities of the anti-icteroides serum administered to guinea pigs inoculated with 2,000 to 20,000 minimum lethal doses of infective material prevented the development of the infection, or a fatal outcome, according as the serum was given during the incubation period or after fever had appeared. The earlier the administration of the serum the smaller was the quantity needed; during the incubation period 0.0001 to 0.001 cc. was sufficient, during the febrile period 0.01 to 0.1 cc. was required to check the progress of the disease, and even at the time when jaundice had already appeared, the injection of 0.1 to 1 cc. saved three out of four animals inoculated with Strain 3 and one out of three inoculated with Strain 1. The native guinea pigs secured in Payta proved to be unusually refractory to infection with Leptospira icteroides as compared with normal guinea pigs recently imported from New York. Fresh rabbit serum is recommended for culture work with Leptospira icteroides.

scholarly journals Immunity of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring

1911 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Südmersen ◽  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Lethal Doses

1. Diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixtures induce a higher immunity in guinea-pigs than sub-lethal doses of toxin; one injection of the mixture being sufficient to produce an immunity lasting in some cases for a period of over two years, as shown by the passive immunity conferred on the offspring.2. The highest immunity is produced by toxin-antitoxin mixtures containing the most uncombined toxoid.3. The active immunity of the mother is transferred passively to the offspring.4. The passive immunity thus transferred usually disappears at the end of two months after birth, and only in rare instances has been recongnised after three months.5. Immunity is mainly transmitted in utero, and only to a slight extent during lactation.6. Young bred from does that have been used for a single routine antitoxin test may be able to tolerate 14 times the does of diphtheria toxin fatal for a normal guinea-pig.

scholarly journals Reversed passive anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Cellular Mechanism ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Rabbit Antibody ◽  
Egg Albumin

Attempts to demonstrate reversed passive anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig with crystalline egg albumin as sensitizing antigen have been uniformly negative.When purified anti-pneumococcal antibody globulin was used as sensitizing antigen, reversed anaphylactic shock could be elicited in guinea-pigs by the intravenous injection of precipitins for the antibody globulin.The mild reactions which could be elicited when the total globulins from the serum of normal rabbits were used as sensitizing antigen are probably dependent on the presence of small amounts of y globulin.Reversed passive anaphylaxis, like direct anaphylaxis, is dependent on a cellular mechanism, and the success of experiments in which rabbit antibody globulin was used as sensitizing antigen depends on the acceptability of the antibody to the cells of the guinea-pig's tissues.Antigenic differences between antibody globulins and total normal globulins from rabbit serum are noted.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
Attilio Macchiavello
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Typhus Fever ◽  
Culture Virus ◽  
Pig Serum

1. Guinea pigs can be actively immunized against European typhus fever with homologous formalinized Rickettsia tissue cultures, provided sufficient amounts are injected. The method is suggested for practical application in man. 2. Serovaccination against European typhus fever can be successfully applied to guinea pigs by a variety of methods, the simplest of which consists of the injection of mixtures of virulent defibrinated guinea pig blood and convalescent guinea pig serum taken from 3 to 5 days after defervescence. Similar results can be obtained with mixtures in which tissue culture virus, either with convalescent guinea pig serum or with antimurine horse serum, is used. There is no indication so far that such animals become carriers. Possible application of these methods to typhus epidemics is discussed.

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