scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX

1936 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Pearce ◽  
Paul D. Rosahn ◽  
Ch'uan-K'uei Hu
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
White Mouse ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Cutaneous Reaction ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Experimentally Induced

The white mouse, the guinea pig, the calf, and probably the rat, were found to be susceptible to infection with the virus of rabbit pox. Serial transmission of the virus in mice by brain to brain passage was characterized by a fatal outcome usually on the 5th or 6th day after inoculation. Infection of the guinea pig was accomplished by intratesticular injection and the virus was continued to the 2nd passage in this species. Guinea pigs developed a well marked cutaneous reaction from the intradermal injection of both rabbit and guinea pig tissue virus. Active virus was demonstrated in the testicles of rats 8 days after intratesticular injection by rabbit subinoculation. In the calf inoculation of the scarified skin was followed by the development of large papular lesions with marked hemorrhage and necrosis. The results of the investigations on the etiology of rabbit pox and of the experimentally induced infection reported in this and the four preceding papers (1–4) are discussed with special reference to the relation of pox virus to other viruses and of rabbit pox to other pock diseases.

scholarly journals THE SOURCE OF THE MICROORGANISMS IN THE LUNGS OF NORMAL ANIMALS

1922 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
White Mouse ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Subtilis Group

It has been possible to show that the lungs of such animals as the calf, rabbit, guinea pig, white rat, and white mouse are readily invaded by organisms. The most frequent types observed in cultures from the border of the lungs have been streptothrix, molds, and bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis group. These forms originate in certain dry food stuffs (hay and straw). By withholding or moistening these materials it has been possible to diminish the number of organisms in the lungs. When these materials have been supplied to mice whose lungs under usual conditions contain only a few organisms, the number of positive cultures increases and is comparable with those of the larger animals. The bronchial lymph glands of all guinea pigs examined developed, in 66⅔ per cent of the tubes, organisms similar to those obtained from the lungs.

scholarly journals ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Definite Advantage ◽  
Fever Patient

The use ot a polyvalent immune serum ot nign potency in tne treatment of an experimental infection of guinea pigs with Leptospira icteroides was found to be of definite advantage in checking the progress of the infection. When administered during the period of incubation the serum was found capable of completely preventing the development of the disease, although on subsequent examination hemorrhagic lesions of greater or less number and extent were found in the lungs of the guinea pigs which survived. Moreover, the serum modified the course of the disease and when used in the early stages of infection prevented a fatal outcome. Employed at a later stage, however, when jaundice and nephritis had been present for several days and the animal was near collapse, the serum had no perceptible beneficial effect. This was, of course, to be expected in view of the incidence of various pathological phases of this disease—nephritis, hepatitis, and other toxic symptoms in succession. In man the clinical manifestations are more gradual and distinct than in the guinea pig, yet the yellow fever patient whose temperature is sub-normal, and who has reached the stage of hemorrhages from the gums, nose, stomach, and intestines, and of uremia and cholemia, would seem to have little or no chance of deriving benefit from the use of a specific immune serum. This latter assumption would probably hold irrespective of the relation which Leptospira icteroides proves to have to the etiology of yellow fever.

scholarly journals Development and Characterization of a Guinea Pig-Adapted Sudan Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Wong ◽  
Shihua He ◽  
Haiyan Wei ◽  
Andrea Kroeker ◽  
Jonathan Audet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Small Animal Model ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Infections with Sudan virus (SUDV), a member of the genus Ebolavirus , result in a severe hemorrhagic fever with a fatal outcome in over 50% of human cases. The paucity of prophylactics and therapeutics against SUDV is attributed to the lack of a small-animal model to screen promising compounds. By repeatedly passaging SUDV within the livers and spleens of guinea pigs in vivo , a guinea pig-adapted SUDV variant (SUDV-GA) uniformly lethal to these animals, with a 50% lethal dose (LD 50 ) of 5.3 × 10 −2 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID 50 ), was developed. Animals infected with SUDV-GA developed high viremia and died between 9 and 14 days postinfection. Several hallmarks of SUDV infection, including lymphadenopathy, increased liver enzyme activities, and coagulation abnormalities, were observed. Virological analyses and gross pathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry findings indicate that SUDV-GA replicates in the livers and spleens of infected animals similarly to SUDV infections in nonhuman primates. These developments will accelerate the development of specific medical countermeasures in preparation for a future disease outbreak due to SUDV. IMPORTANCE A disease outbreak due to Ebola virus (EBOV), suspected to have emerged during December 2013 in Guinea, with over 11,000 dead and 28,000 infected, is finally winding down. Experimental EBOV vaccines and treatments were administered to patients under compassionate circumstances with promising results, and availability of an approved countermeasure appears to be close. However, the same range of experimental candidates against a potential disease outbreak caused by other members of the genus Ebolavirus , such as Sudan virus (SUDV), is not readily available. One bottleneck contributing to this situation is the lack of a small-animal model to screen promising drugs in an efficient and economical manner. To address this, we have generated a SUDV variant (SUDV-GA) that is uniformly lethal to guinea pigs. Animals infected with SUDV-GA develop disease similar to that of SUDV-infected humans and monkeys. We believe that this model will significantly accelerate the development of life-saving measures against SUDV infections.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGY OF THE PERUVIAN STRAINS OF LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROIDES

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi ◽  
I. J. Kligler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Lethal Doses

Serum from yellow fever convalescents from Payta, Piura, and Morropon gave a positive Pfeiffer reaction with the strains of Leptospira icteroides isolated in Guayaquil and Merida. The serum also protected the guinea pigs from these strains in the majority of instances. The Pfeiffer reaction was complete with all recent convalescents (7 to 36 days) but slight or partial in some instances with serum derived from individuals who had had the attack of yellow fever 10 months previously. The virulence of the Morropon strains was found to be approximately the same as that of the Guayaquil or Merida strains. With one strain the minimum lethal dose for the guinea pig was less than 0.00001 cc. of a kidney emulsion from an infected guinea pig. Suitable quantities of the anti-icteroides serum administered to guinea pigs inoculated with 2,000 to 20,000 minimum lethal doses of infective material prevented the development of the infection, or a fatal outcome, according as the serum was given during the incubation period or after fever had appeared. The earlier the administration of the serum the smaller was the quantity needed; during the incubation period 0.0001 to 0.001 cc. was sufficient, during the febrile period 0.01 to 0.1 cc. was required to check the progress of the disease, and even at the time when jaundice had already appeared, the injection of 0.1 to 1 cc. saved three out of four animals inoculated with Strain 3 and one out of three inoculated with Strain 1. The native guinea pigs secured in Payta proved to be unusually refractory to infection with Leptospira icteroides as compared with normal guinea pigs recently imported from New York. Fresh rabbit serum is recommended for culture work with Leptospira icteroides.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENT IN THE PASSIVE CUTANEOUS REACTION OF MICE

1964 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 925-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ben-Efraim ◽  
B. Cinader
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Cutaneous Reaction ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Permeability Increase ◽  
Pig Serum

Intradermal injection of mice with ribonuclease antibody, followed by intravenous injection with ribonuclease, resulted in permeability increase, demonstrable by "blueing." The size of the blued area depends on the quantity of antibody injected and on the interval between the two injections. If antigen was injected first and antibody was injected subsequently, a similar increase in permeability was observed in animals having a complete complement system (MuB1-positive) and in animals which have a deficient complement system (MuB1-negative). Marked differences in response were observed between these two types of mice if antigen was injected some hours after the antibody. In MuB1-negative mice, a blueing reaction was not observed at intervals between injections (2½ hours if 3 µg N antibody and 15 hours if 25 µg N antibody were injected intradermally) at which MuB1-positive animals showed a marked permeability increase. At these intervals, blueing did occur in MuB1-negative animals if they were injected with the serum of MuB1-positive mice or with fresh guinea pig serum. Blueing was not induced if the serum of MuB1-negative mice or heated guinea pig serum was injected. The occurrence of two distinct phases of the cutaneous reaction, of which only one involves the complete hemolytic complement system, was deduced from these observations.

scholarly journals SUPPRESSION OF EXPERIMENTAL "ALLERGIC" ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN GUINEA PIGS BY ENCEPHALITOGENIC PROTEINS EXTRACTED FROM HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Mei Shaw ◽  
Willson J. Fahlberg ◽  
Marian W. Kies ◽  
Ellsworth C. Alvord
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Stress Reaction ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Allergic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Guinea Pig Brain ◽  
Experimental Allergic

The intradermal injection of aqueous solutions of certain homologous neural proteins will suppress the encephalomyelitis which is induced in guinea pigs by the previous injection of whole homologous brain with Freund's adjuvants. These neural proteins extracted by dilute acid from defatted guinea pig brain are themselves highly encephalitogenic when injected with adjuvants, but the specificity of this suppression for encephalitogenic as compared to non-encephalitogenic extracts remains to be proven. Suppression is probably not due to a non-specific stress reaction, as indicated by the absence of suppression by intradermal injections of alcohol and by statistically insignificant and inconstant effects of similar injections of tuberculin.

Effect of Fistulae on Endolymphatic Hydrops

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Kimura ◽  
Harold F. Schuknecht
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Endolymphatic Hydrops ◽  
Endolymphatic Sac ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Horizontal Canal ◽  
Endolymphatic Duct ◽  
Experimentally Induced

An experiment was performed on 31 guinea pigs to study the effect of fistulae of the horizontal canal, superior canal, common crus, and utricle on the course of experimentally induced endolymphatic hydrops. The effect of fistulae on corresponding parts of normal ears was also studied in an additional 17 animals. The results indicated a remarkable consistency in healing of the fistulae in both groups of animals. Fistulae had no significant effect on the course of endolymphatic hydrops, irrespective of whether the fistulae were made immediately before or several months after obliteration of the endolymphatic duct or whether a polyethylene strut was introduced into the membranous labyrinth. Once again, the functional significance of the endolymphatic sac was clearly apparent, for ablation of the sac consistently produced severe hydrops and atrophic changes in sensory and neural structures. Assuming that the mechanisms of labyrinth repair in the guinea pig are comparable to the higher mammalian ear, it is apparent that procedures designed to surgically fistulize the membranous labyrinth are of questionable value and are probably not rational therapeutic approaches to the management of Ménière's disease.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF TRITON (WR-1339) ON GUINEA PIG TISSUES

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Patnode ◽  
Paul C. Hudgins
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Skin Sensitivity ◽  
Lytic Effect ◽  
Triton Wr 1339

The administration of triton WR-1339 (300 mg./kg. subcutaneously) to tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs 2 hours before the intradermal injection of PPD depresses slightly their skin sensitivity to tuberculin and essentially obliterates the lytic effect of tuberculin on their circulating leucocytes. When leucocytes from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs are exposed to triton in vitro at a concentration level attainable in vivo the cells are partially protected against lysis by PPD.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TYPHUS FEVER

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-715
Author(s):  
M. Ruiz Castaneda
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Local Reaction ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Local Lesion ◽  
Immune Animal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Typhus Fever

The intradermal inoculation of Mexican typhus virus into immune guinea pigs produces a local reaction which is similar in its appearance to the lesion observed in the skin of normal animals submitted to the same treatment. The reaction in the immune animal appears earlier and fades sooner than the lesion in the normal guinea pig. The inoculation of heat-killed or formalin-killed Rickettsiae produces no significant reactions at the site of the intradermal injection in typhus immune guinea pigs. The virus, inoculated intradermally, has been recovered from the local lesion 72 hours after the injection into typhus immune guinea pigs. Normal guinea pigs and persons without a history of typhus fever present a congestion and some swelling of the skin at the site of the intradermal injection of formalinized Mexican Rickettsiae. The reaction appears 24 hours after the inoculation and fades within 48 hours. Heating the formalinized Rickettsia suspensions at 70°C. for 30 minutes renders them inactive in normal men and guinea pigs. From the experiments reported in this paper it seems that the reactions observed in typhus immune guinea pigs submitted to a second inoculation of typhus virus, belong to the group of reactions presented by tuberculous animals (Koch's phenomenon) and the accelerated takes shown by immune persons submitted to revaccination with vaccinia virus. A heat labile substance has been demonstrated in the formalinized Rickettsia bodies, which produces a reaction in the skin of normal men and guinea pigs.

scholarly journals DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

1957 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Uhr ◽  
S. B. Salvin ◽  
A. M. Pappenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Single Protein ◽  
Maximal Sensitivity ◽  
Degree Of Sensitization ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
General Method

A general method for induction of the delayed hypersensitive state directed against single protein antigens is described. The method consists of intradermal injection of minute amounts of washed immune precipitates containing the antigen in question. Provided the specific precipitates are formed in the region of antibody excess, maximal sensitivity develops at least 2 to 3 weeks before detectable circulating antibody is formed in guinea pigs against the sensitizing antigen. Neither adjuvant nor killed acid-fast bacteria are required for induction of the delayed hypersensitive state although the degree of sensitization is considerably increased when the sensitizing material is incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant. Characteristics of the "delayed" as opposed to the "immediate" hypersensitive states in the guinea pig are described and implications of the findings are discussed.

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