scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MONKEYS

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 641-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Francis ◽  
Edward E. Terrell ◽  
René Dubos ◽  
Oswald T. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
Favorable Influence ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

The effects of specific enzyme therapy upon experimental Type III pneumococcus pneumonia in monkeys were studied by comparing the course and outcome of the disease in treated animals with that in animals which received no therapeutic aid. Enzyme treatment was found to exert a distinctly favorable influence upon the experimental pneumonia. Treatment was followed by cessation of spread of the pneumonic lesion, sterilization of the blood, and early recovery, except in animals in which the severity of the disease was extreme. While in the untreated animals a high incidence of empyema and pericarditis was observed, suppurative sequelae were apparently prevented by adequate enzyme therapy. The limitations of the therapeutic action of the specific enzyme in the presence of marked depression of the cellular reaction in infected animals are again emphasized.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MONKEYS

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Francis ◽  
Edward E. Terrell
Keyword(s):  
Variable Interval ◽  
Pulmonary Lesion ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Experimental Pneumonia ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
Probable Outcome ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Experimental Disease

It has been possible by the intratracheal or intrabronchial inoculation of Type III Pneumococcus to produce in monkeys of the M. cynomolgos species an experimental pneumonia which in its clinical aspects closely resembles pneumococcus lobar pneumonia in man. The experimental disease is characterized by the development of a well localized pulmonary lesion of lobar distribution which tends to spread, the frequent occurrence of septicemia, a sustained fever, and the termination of the infection after a variable interval, in recovery or death of the animal. Wide variations in the severity of the disease in different monkeys have been noted. These variations appear to be due primarily to differences in the resistance of individual animals. The height of the septicemia accompanying the experimental pneumonia has been found to be the most valuable objective index of the probable outcome of the disease. Other factors which may influence the course and outcome of the disease are discussed.

scholarly journals THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME AGAINST TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN MICE

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery ◽  
René Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Bacterial Enzyme ◽  
Virulent Type ◽  
Favorable Influence ◽  
Living Organisms

The bacterial enzyme which decomposes the purified capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus in vitro also destroys the capsules of the living organisms growing in media and in the animal body. Potent preparations of this same enzyme protect mice against infection with virulent Type III Pneumococcus. The protective action is type-specific. The protective activity of the specific enzyme is destroyed by heat (70°C. for 10 minutes). The enzyme remains in an effective concentration 24 to 48 hours after its injection into normal mice. The enzyme has been found to exert a favorable influence on the outcome of an infection already established at the time of treatment. A definite relationship has been found to exist between the activity of the enzyme in vitro and its protective power in the animal body. The mechanism of the protective action is discussed with special reference to the relation between the decapsulation of the bacteria by the enzyme and the phagocytic response of the host.

The Effect of Alimentary Hyperlipemia on Thrombolysis in vivo

1960 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils U. Bang ◽  
Eugene E. Cliffton
Keyword(s):  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Therapy ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Fatty Meal ◽  
Complete Dissolution ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

Summary1. The effect of a standard, potent fibrinolytic enzyme therapy has been compared in fasting and lipemic dogs.2. The standard fibrinolytic regimen resulted in the complete dissolution of all clots produced experimentally in the fasting state in 10 dogs.3. Clots formed during alimentary lipemia exhibited a markedly increased resistance to the standard fibrinolytic regimen in 6 dogs.4. An increase in anti plasmin fibrinolytic titer with concomitant decrease in spontaneous fibrinolytic activity was observed in 15 dogs following the administration of a fatty meal. No difference in fibrinolytic activity and APF titer was demonstrable in fasting and lipemic blood samples obtained during fibrinolytic enzyme treatment.5. The possibility of the presence of specific inhibitors against the fibrinolytic enzyme in clots formed during lipemia has been investigated and the evidence to support this theory is discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Propofol and Thiopentone Anaesthesia (with Special Reference to Recovery Characteristics)

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Weightman ◽  
M. Zacharias
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Day Case ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Day Case Surgery ◽  
Pain On Injection ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Case Surgery ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
The Mean

Thiopentone and propofol were used for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in unpremedicated patients undergoing minor gynaecological procedures. There were no significant differences in the induction and maintenance characteristics except for a high incidence of pain on injection and a greater fall in the mean systolic blood pressure associated with propofol in comparison with thiopentone. Propofol was associated with a quicker early recovery as well as a faster psychomotor recovery, as tested by a peg-board. However, complete psychomotor recovery was not achieved for up to three hours in some patients receiving propofol and so caution is advised regarding the early street fitness of patients receiving repeated doses of the drug for day case surgery.

scholarly journals FACTORS AFFECTING THE YIELD OF SPECIFIC ENZYME IN CULTURES OF THE BACILLUS DECOMPOSING THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Free Enzyme ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Enzyme ◽  
Specific Substance

All improved method is described for the preparation, concentration, and purification of a bacterial enzyme capable of decomposing the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus. The cultural conditions for the growth of the specific microorganism must be such that the capsular polysaccharide is completely decomposed before any appreciable amount of free enzyme is released into the medium. This reduces to a minimum the decomposition of the specific substrate by the free enzyme. As a result, a larger part of the specific substance remains as a source of energy for the growing microorganism and less enzyme is lost through inactivation during the course of decomposition of the specific substrate. A marked stimulation of growth and of enzyme production occurs when small amounts of yeast extract are added to the medium and when the cultures are incubated under conditions of increased aeration. Special emphasis is placed upon the fact that, thus far, appreciable amounts of the specific enzyme have been obtained only when the capsular polysaccharide itself, or the aldobionic acid derived from it, was present in the culture medium.

Mechanisms of action of second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: insights from brain imaging studies

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anissa Abi-Dargham ◽  
Marc Laruelle
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotic ◽  
Clinically Significant

AbstractMultiple lines of evidence including recent imaging studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance of the dopaminergic system, entailing hyperstimulation of striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors and understimulation of cortical DA D1 receptors. This DA endophenotype presumably emerges from the background of a more general synaptic dysconnectivity, involving alterations in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamatergic (GLU) functions. Equally important is the fact that this DA dysregulation might further impair NMDA transmission. The first generation antipsychotic (FGA) drugs are characterized by high affinity to and generally high occupancy of D2 receptors. The efficacy of FGAs is limited by a high incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs display reduced EPS liability and modest but clinically significant enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Compared to FGAs, the improved therapeutic action of SGAs probably derives from a more moderate D2 receptor blockade. We will review the effects of SGAs on other neurotransmitter systems and conclude by highlighting the importance of therapeutic strategies aimed at directly increasing prefrontal DA, D1 receptor transmission or NMDA transmission to enhance the therapeutic effect of moderate D2 receptor antagonism.

scholarly journals The Effect of Hybridoma Antibody Administration upon Neutrophil Kinetics during Experimental Type III Group B Streptococcal Sepsis

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 795-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D Christensen ◽  
Gerald Rothstein ◽  
Harry R Hill ◽  
Seth H Pincus
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
Streptococcal Sepsis ◽  
Group B ◽  
Neutrophil Kinetics

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE QUANTITATIVE ACTION OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME IN TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS DERMAL INFECTION IN RABBITS

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Goodner ◽  
René Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Definite Relationship

The enzyme which specifically decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus must be used in certain definite amounts in order to bring about the recovery of rabbits infected intradermally with this organism. The experiments reported in this paper indicate that the minimal amounts of enzyme required bear a definite relationship to the severity of the infection as gauged by the number of pneumococci present in the circulating blood.

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