scholarly journals THE TITRATION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN STEGOMYIA MOSQUITOES

1933 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson C. Davis ◽  
Martin Frobisher ◽  
Wray Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Extracellular Virus ◽  
Lethal Doses

Titrations were made of yellow fever virus in stegomyia mosquitoes, using rhesus monkeys as test animals. It was found that: (a) The average mosquito immediately after engorging on highly infectious blood contained between 1 and 2 million lethal doses of virus. The titer of freshly ingested blood was as high as 1 billion lethal doses of virus per cubic centimeter. (b) During the fortnight succeeding a meal on infectious blood there occurred a reduction of titratable virus to not more than 1 per cent of that present in the freshly fed insects. (c) The titer was somewhat higher at later periods. This rise in titer signified possibly not a multiplication, but merely an increase of extracellular virus and of that easily freed by grinding to a titratable form. (d) At no later stage did the quantity of titratable virus equal that demonstrable in freshly fed insects.

scholarly journals THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MARMOSETS TO YELLOW FEVER VIRUS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Human Beings

1. It has been possible to introduce yellow fever virus into the small Brazilian monkeys, Callithrix albicollis and Leontocebus ursulus, by the bites of infected mosquitoes and to carry the virus through a series of four passages in each species and back to rhesus monkeys by the bites of Stegomyia mosquitoes fed on the last marmoset of each series. 2. Five specimens of L. ursulus were used. Four developed fever, and all died during the experiments. At least two showed liver necroses comparable to those found in human beings and rhesus monkeys that died of yellow fever. 3. Twenty specimens of C. albicollis were used. Very few showed a temperature reaction following the introduction of virus. Of those that died, none had lesions typical of yellow fever as seen in certain other species of monkeys and in humans. 4. The convalescent serum from each of five C. albicollis protected a rhesus monkey against yellow fever virus, but the serum from a normal marmoset of the same species was found to be non-protective.

scholarly journals THE TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lagothrix Lagotricha

1. Saimiri sciureus has been infected with yellow fever virus, both by the inoculation of infectious blood and by the bites of infective mosquitoes. Some of the monkeys have died, showing lesions, including hepatic necrosis, suggesting yellow fever as seen in human beings and in rhesus monkeys. Virus has been transferred back to M. rhesus from infected Saimiri both by blood inoculation and by mosquito bites. The virus undoubtedly has been maintained through four direct passages in Saimiri. Reinoculations of infectious material into recovered monkeys have not given rise to invasion of the blood stream by virus. Sera from recovered animals have protected M. rhesus against the inoculation of virus. 2. It has been possible to pass the virus to and from Ateleus ater by the injection of blood or liver and by the bites of mosquitoes. The livers from two infected animals have shown no necrosis. The serum from one recovered monkey proved to be protective for M. rhesus. 3. Only three out of twelve Lagothrix lagotricha have reacted to yellow fever virus by a rise in temperature. Probably none have died as a result of the infection. In only one instance has the virus been transferred back to M. rhesus. The sera of recovered animals have had a protective action against yellow fever virus.

BEHAVIOR OF 17D YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN RHESUS MONKEYS

1943 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN P. FOX ◽  
HENRIQUE A. PENNA
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus

scholarly journals THE SURVIVAL OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN CULTURES

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Visible Growth

1. The virus of yellow fever has been found to survive in artificial culture media for at least 12 days at a temperature of 35°C. No visible growth has been present and no reproduction of the virus has been demonstrated. 2. Infections have been obtained in rhesus monkeys with two strains of virus in quantities as small as 0.00001 cc. of infectious blood, and with one strain in an amount probably as minute as 0.000001 cc.

scholarly journals POSSIBILITY OF HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS BY AEDES AEGYPTI (LINN.)

1929 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 703-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Blood Meals

Attempts to obtain passage of yellow fever virus from one generation to the next in A. aegypti were unsuccessful. Subcutaneous injections at varying intervals of a saline emulsion of 200 eggs laid by an infective lot of mosquitoes produced no reaction in six normal M. rhesus monkeys. Negative results were also obtained in five biting and two injection experiments with progeny of the same infective lot of mosquitoes in which seven normal monkeys were used. The eggs consisted of batches laid after the first, second and fourth blood-meals of the original lot; the latter feeding occurred 41 days after the initial infecting meal. The imaginal offspring represented rearings following the first, second and fifth blood-meals of the parent lot. The last feeding occurred 54 days after the first. It is concluded that under the conditions of the experiments here reported hereditary transmission of yellow fever by A. aegypti is improbable. Variations in age and in number of blood-meals of parent and offspring mosquitoes had no effect in achieving passage of the virus from one stage of the insect to another.

scholarly journals THE TRANSMISSION OF NEUROTROPIC YELLOW FEVER VIRUS BY STEGOMYIA MOSQUITOES

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson C. Davis ◽  
Wray Lloyd ◽  
Martin Frobisher
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Virus Encephalitis

1. By the bites of stegomyia mosquitoes carrying neurotropic yellow fever virus, encephalitis has been produced both in white mice and in rhesus monkeys. 2. The fixed neurotropic strain of virus cannot be maintained in the mosquito host as well as can the viscerotropic strains. This is doubtless attributable in part to a smaller amount of virus ingested, because of paucity in the blood stream of the mammalian host. 3. These experiments furnish additional evidence that the long established neurotropic yellow fever virus has changed fundamentally from the parent French strain.

scholarly journals Yellow fever virus outbreak in Brazil under current and future climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 664-677
Author(s):  
Tara Sadeghieh ◽  
Jan M. Sargeant ◽  
Amy L. Greer ◽  
Olaf Berke ◽  
Guillaume Dueymes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Future Climate

scholarly journals Yellow Fever Outbreak in Eastern Senegal, 2020–2021

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1475
Author(s):  
Moussa Moïse Diagne ◽  
Marie Henriette Dior Ndione ◽  
Alioune Gaye ◽  
Mamadou Aliou Barry ◽  
Diawo Diallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Ministry Of Health

Yellow fever virus remains a major threat in low resource countries in South America and Africa despite the existence of an effective vaccine. In Senegal and particularly in the eastern part of the country, periodic sylvatic circulation has been demonstrated with varying degrees of impact on populations in perpetual renewal. We report an outbreak that occurred from October 2020 to February 2021 in eastern Senegal, notified and managed through the synergistic effort yellow fever national surveillance implemented by the Senegalese Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization, the countrywide 4S network set up by the Ministry of Health, the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, and the surveillance of arboviruses and hemorrhagic fever viruses in human and vector populations implemented since mid 2020 in eastern Senegal. Virological analyses highlighted the implication of sylvatic mosquito species in virus transmission. Genomic analysis showed a close relationship between the circulating strain in eastern Senegal, 2020, and another one from the West African lineage previously detected and sequenced two years ago from an unvaccinated Dutch traveler who visited the Gambia and Senegal before developing signs after returning to Europe. Moreover, genome analysis identified a 6-nucleotide deletion in the variable domain of the 3′UTR with potential impact on the biology of the viral strain that merits further investigations. Integrated surveillance of yellow fever virus but also of other arboviruses of public health interest is crucial in an ecosystem such as eastern Senegal.

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