scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX

1933 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Harrop ◽  
Louis J. Soffer ◽  
Read Ellsworth ◽  
John H. Trescher
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Reverse Process

A characteristic alteration in the electrolyte structure of the blood plasma of the suprarenalectomized dog occurs when injections of cortical extract are stopped. This alteration progresses during the course of the suprarenal insufficiency, parallel with the hemoconcentration and the loss in weight. When injections of cortical extract are resumed, the electrolyte structure returns to its original form, the alterations paralleling the dilution of the blood and the return of the body weight to its original level. The hemoconcentration, with the resulting physiological changes which take place in the suprarenalectomized dog after the cessation of cortical extract injections, is associated with a loss of sodium and chloride, accompanied by their proper complement of body water, by way of the kidney. Since this effect is produced in the suprarenalectomized animal, well nourished and in excellent condition, solely by cessation of injections of the cortical hormone, and since the reverse process of repair of the electrolyte and water losses can be effected solely by resumption of extract injections, it follows that all of the observed phenomena are due to this cause, and to this alone. It can be concluded that one function of the cortical extract in the suprarenalectomized dog is that of participation in the regulation of the sodium and chloride metabolism, and consequently, of the balance and distribution of water. The loss of water, in the absence of the cortical hormone, is sustained partly by the blood plasma, but to a far greater extent by the interstitial body fluid. The available evidence points to the kidney as the locus of this regulatory function of the cortical hormone.

scholarly journals BODY FLUID CHANGES DUE TO CONTINUED LOSS OF THE EXTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Gamble ◽  
Monroe A. McIver ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ionic Content ◽  
Physical Changes

From the data given above the following explanation of the effects of continued loss of the external secretion of the pancreas may be offered. The underlying event is a steadily increasing deficit of sodium and of chloride ion due to the large requirement for these electrolytes in the construction of pancreatic juice. In consequence there is continued loss of water, chiefly from the body fluids in which sodium and chloride ion are large factors of total ionic content, viz., interstitial fluids and the blood plasma. During about two-thirds of the survival period the volume and composition of the blood plasma remain approximately normal, the losses of water, sodium, and chloride ion being replaced at the expense of interstitial fluids. Reduction of the volume of these fluids is indicated by loss of body weight beginning directly after establishment of the pancreatic fistula. Ultimately reduction of plasma volume begins and, as it progresses, serious symptoms develop and death occurs unless water, sodium, and chloride ion are abundantly replaced. Owing to the relatively greater loss of sodium than of chloride ion in pancreatic juice, reduction of bicarbonate ion concentration in the plasma tends to occur. The death of the organism may be simply and reasonably explained as the result of progressive impairment of the function of the blood by the physical changes, dehydration and acidosis, produced in the plasma by the continued loss of sodium and of chloride ion in the pancreatic juice.

Changes in lipid metabolism during last month of pregnancy and first two months of lactation in primiparous cows – analysis of apolipoprotein expression pattern and changes in concentration of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Kurpińska ◽  
A. Jarosz ◽  
M. Ożgo ◽  
W.F. Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Apolipoprotein J ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Plasma

Abstract The final weeks of pregnancy and period of increasing lactation abound with adaptive changes in the intensity of metabolic processes. Maintaining the homeostasis of an organism in prepartum and postpartum periods is the key condition in maintaining the health of the mother and the fetus/calf. The aim of the study was to analyze physiological changes in lipid metabolism in cows during the last month of first pregnancy and in the first two months of lactation, based on the expression of identified apolipoproteins and changes in selected parameters of the lipid metabolism in peripheral blood plasma. Statistically significant changes in the expression of identified apolipoproteins were observed for apolipoprotein A-1 precursor, apolipoprotein A-IV precursor, apolipoprotein E precursor and apolipoprotein J precursor. The lowest expression of the apolipoproteins was noted around parturition and higher expression was observed during the final weeks of pregnancy and during lactation. Tendencies of changes in the concentration of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL were similar in blood plasma from analyzed cows – in the last month of pregnancy a decrease was observed and subsequently an increase in the first two months of lactation was noted. In contrast to abrupt changes observed for total cholesterol, HDL and LDL, changes in concentration of triglycerides were not that extensive and during lactation this parameter was rather stable. Evaluation of changes in the analyzed parameters may contribute to a better understanding of the changes in lipid metabolism occurring in the body of pregnant and lactating young cows.

Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Drew ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYForty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.

Growth and water metabolism of cows and progeny on fertilized and unfertilized tropical pastures

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Significant Difference

Growth of Brahman x Shorthorn cows and their calves grazing unfertilized and fertilized pasture was studied in relation to body water content and water turnover; the main plant species in the pasture were spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) and Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis). During the dry season, prior to the birth of calves, there was little difference in body weight or body composition between cows from the unfertilized and fertilized areas, despite the greater yield of pasture on the latter. The increase in body weight of both groups after the onset of the new season was due to expansion of the body water space. Body solids did not increase until c. 2 months later. The cattle from the fertilized pasture continued to increase in weight over the entire wet season at a significantly faster rate (P < 0.001) than those in the unfertilized pasture, and this latter group ceased growing a month before the end of the season. There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups of calves, although those from the fertilized pasture were significantly heavier at 2 weeks of age; during these 2 weeks they had received 45 % more milk, and until about 20 weeks they continued to grow more rapidly and turn over more water than the group from the unfertilized pasture. From 20 weeks the quality of the forage in the unfertilized pasture became superior, owing to the relatively high proportion of legume (Stylosanthes humilis), and the calves from the unfertilized pasture grew more rapidly until the end of the wet season. Plant nitrogen content was reflected in plasma urea nitrogen levels. The relationship between pasture quality and growth of cows and their calves is discussed.

HEMATOLOGICAL AND BODY FLUID ADJUSTMENTS DURING ACCLIMATION TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Deb ◽  
J. S. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Absolute Basis

Body fluid volumes and hematological values have been compared in rats exposed to 6 °C. for various periods of time and in rats at 30 °C. for comparable periods. Absolute blood and plasma volumes (T1824 space) decreased with time of exposure to 30 °C, while extracellular fluid volume (sodium space), total body water, and body weight increased. Rats transferred from the warm to the cold environment had larger plasma and blood volumes than those of rats at 30 °C. after the first week of exposure. After five weeks, blood volume was 22% greater on an absolute basis and 30% greater relative to total body water than that of the larger rats at 30 °C. There were no differences in extracellular fluid volumes between warm and cold exposed rats at comparable intervals. Total water and intracellular water tended to be greater in rats at 30 °C. on an absolute basis but they were much greater per unit body weight in rats at 6 °C. No differences were observed in red blood cell counts, in hemoglobin concentration, or in plasma specific gravity between warm and cold exposed rats, but there was an increased hematocrit, increased corpuscular volume, and decreased corpuscular hemoglobin content in rats kept at 6 °C. Hemoglobin, red cells, and plasma specific gravity increased with time in both groups.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF SMALL DOSES OF THE HERBICIDE 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID ON THE BODY WEIGHT OF ANIMALS UNDER THE DIET WITH NORMAL OR HIGH CALORIE

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-288
Author(s):  
D. S. Karmanova ◽  
L. A. Chesnokova ◽  
S. I. Krasikov
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
High Calorie

There was studied the effect of 6-weeks intake of small doses of the herbicide 2,4-DA on the body weight of animals. The consumption of water containing the herbicide in a concentration of 0.5 MPC was shown to have led to the greater gain of the body weight in experimental rats in comparison with the control. Simultaneously there was noted the gain of the mass of epididymal fat and increase in the concentration of leptin. This effect was more pronounced in rats treated with 2,4-DA, under the diet with high caloric content. The results obtained are likely to be associated with the disrupting action of the herbicide, leading, in particular, to the disturbance of the regulatory function of the thyroid gland and insulin resistance.

scholarly journals The influence of silicium compounds on the content of calcium, phosphorus and some lipides in the plasma blood

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (95) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Ivanitskaya ◽  
Ya. V. Lesyk
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Compound ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Preparatory Period

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of nanotechnology and sodium metasilicate on the content of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus and individual lipids in the blood of rabbits from 52 to 110 days of life. Studies were conducted on young rabbits of Hyla breed in the private sector. Rabbits for the study were selected at the age of 41 days on the principle of analogues, weighing 1.2–1.4 kg, were divided into six groups (control and five experimental), 6 animals (3 males and 3 females) in each. Animals were kept in with adjustable microclimate and illumination in mesh cages measuring 50×120×30 cm, in accordance with modern animal health standards. The control group rabbits were fed without restriction a balanced granular compound feed, with free access to water. Animals I, II, and III of the study groups were fed a control group diet and fed citrate silicon for 24 hours, with a corresponding rate of 25; 50 and 75 µg Si/kg body weight. Young animals of the IV and V experimental groups were fed wit diet of the control group and water was given sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3H2O) in the amount of 2.5 and 5.0 mg Si/kg body weight, respectively. The experiment lasted 68 days, including the preparatory period of 10 days, the experimental period – 58 days. In the preparatory period – at 52 days and experimental at 83 and 110 days of life (31 and 58 days of drinking additives) in 4 animals (2 males and 2 females) from the group blood samples were taken for biochemical studies. Studies have found that the concentration of total calcium in the blood plasma of rabbits III and IV study groups was higher by 9.6 and 6.4% (P < 0.05) for 58 days of the study compared with the control, indicating the stimulating effect of the organic compound silicon to activate the processes of assimilation of this macronutrient in the body of young rabbits. Silicone citrate in the large test quantities and sodium metasilicate in the blood plasma of animals of III, IV and V experimental groups respectively increased the level of inorganic phosphorus by 35.7; 28.5 and 35.7% (P < 0.05) than controls at day 58 of the study. In the final study period, the ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus in the animals of the II – V experimental groups was in the range of 2.0–1.73: 1, indicating a more pronounced effect of silicon compounds on the metabolism of Phosphorus during a longer period of supplementation. The content of triacylglycerols in the blood plasma of rabbits II and III of the experimental groups was lower (P < 0.05) at 31 and 58 days of the study compared with the control. The results obtained may indicate the activation of the processes of metabolic accumulation of plastic components of cell membranes and energy needs of body tissues. The use of silica organic compound reduced the cholesterol content by 37% (P < 0.05) in the blood of rabbits of the III experimental group at 31 days of the study. Whereas at the final stage of the experiment in animals II; In the 3rd and 4th research groups, its level was lower by 43.4; 36.9 and 42.2% (P < 0.05) compared to the control, indicating greater use of cholesterol by the organism with silica organic compound.

MO656CORRELATION BETWEEN CHANGES IN THE BODY FLUID VOLUME CALCULATED BY THE URIC ACID KINETIC MODEL AND CHANGES IN THE BODY WEIGHT*

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Nakai ◽  
Kiyoshi Ozawa ◽  
Kazuhiko Shibata ◽  
Takahiro Shinzato
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Body Fluid Volume

Abstract Background and Aims Uric acid (UA) is a solute unable to cross the cell membranes in general tissues by any of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport. These facts imply that UA distribution volume (UDiV) equals to the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV). We have developed a method for calculating UDiV from serum uric acid levels before and after hemodialysis based on a uric acid kinetic model (Shinzato T, Int J Artif Organs 2020). Urea is evenly distributed throughout the body fluids. Therefore, the total body fluid volume (TBFV) can be calculated by using the same method as the calculation of UDiV for the serum urea level. The remaining body fluid volume, which is TBFV minus UDiV, is considered to reflect the intracellular fluid volume (ICFV). In this study, we clarified the relationship between the amount of change over time in UDiV and ICFV calculated by the uric acid kinetic model and the amount of change over time in the actual body weight of hemodialysis patients. Method Subjects were 1,101 patients with chronic maintenance hemodialysis. UDiV and ICFV before and after dialysis were calculated for two time points, December 2019 and June 2020. Results The amount of change in UDiV per body during the dialysis session showed a very good correlation with the amount of body weight change during the same dialysis (UDiV change = 0.950 x body weight change - 0.158, R-square 0.90, p &lt; 0.0001). The amount of change in ICFV during the 6 months from December 2019 to June 2020 showed a good correlation with the amount of change in post-dialysis body weight during the same period (ICFV change = 0.270 x post-dialysis body weight change + 0. 240, R-square 0.21, p &lt;0.0001). Conclusion These results suggest that the body fluid volume calculated by the uric acid kinetic model has high accuracy.

EFFECTS OF WITHHOLDING FLUID IN THE IMMEDIATE POSTNATAL PERIOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
JOHN D. L. HANSEN ◽  
CLEMENT A. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Weight Losses

These studies were undertaken primarily to evaluate the importance of fluid intake soon after birth and to determine whether consequences of its omission are modified by the relative excess of water in the body of the newborn infant. Weight losses, outputs of Na, K, Cl, N and water, and serum concentrations were investigated in nine infants receiving no intake for 72 hours after birth and in nine controls receiving approximately 50 cc. water/kg. daily. In seven other infants, 2.5 to 10% glucose was added to the water intake of the first three days. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The amounts of electrolytes and nitrogen excreted in the urine were unaffected by water intake. Thus, infants of 36 weeks or more in gestational age excreted averages of about 0.3 mEq. of Na, 0.45 mEq. of K, 0.35 mEq. of Cl and 80 mg. N/kg. daily during three days after birth, whether or not water was provided. The average weight loss of 13% in three days without water intake as against 8% when water was given indicates the greater loss of body water necessitated if fluid is withheld. 2. Five infants of less than 35 weeks' gestational age excreted amounts of electrolytes 2 to 3 times larger (and somewhat larger amounts of nitrogen) per kg. of body weight than did the more mature infants. Again, the excretions were uninfluenced by water intake. The weight losses of these more premature infants were increased by omission of water intake to about the same degree as in the less premature or full-term ones similarly restricted. 3. In infants of all gestational ages studied, omission of water produced a rather uniform increase in urine concentration; the highest osmolarity of 680 mOsm./l. on the third day was in the urine of a premature infant. Concentrations of Na and Cl in the serum, and of B.U.N. rose in all infants not receiving water, again without regard to maturity. 4. The measurements obtained from infants were compared on the basis of surface area with values which have been established for adults. On this comparison, daily losses of body weight, and thus of body water, were approximately similar for infants and adults during fasting with and without water intake, but outputs of electrolytes by the infants were relatively reduced. 5. The provision of water and glucose to infants, either on the fourth day following birth, or instead of water alone during the first three days, resulted in conservation of body water, but no sodium- or nitrogen-sparing was demonstrated. While possible explanations of these various results are considered above, it seems reasonable to draw a few broad and clinically applicable conclusions here. The composition of the infant at birth affords no protection against the chemical consequences of water deprivation. Age-conditioned limitations in concentration of urine result in inefficient conservation of body water and, therefore, in the occurrence of hemoconcentration before it would take place in the adult. Although thus unable to maintain homeostasis, the clinically satisfactory status of the infants studied and their prompt return to normal serum concentrations after one subsequent day of water and glucose administration suggests their tolerance of three days without water intake. When fluid is given during the immediate postnatal period, the results of this study suggest that body water will be conserved if the fluid be glucose solution rather than plain water.

BODY WATER OF NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (II) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogens Osler
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

ABSTRACT The total body water as well as the distribution of water in the extracellular and intracellular compartments was determined in 23 infants born to diabetic mothers (diab. infants) and 15 infants born to normal mothers (normal infants). The total body water was determined by the dilution method using heavy water, and the extracellular water by the dilution method using thiosulphate. Intracellular water was calculated as total water less extracellular water. The analytical methods are described. Diab. infants proved to have a mean total body water of 2.48 litres or 70.2 per cent of the body weight, a mean extracellular water content of 1.41 litre or 38.5 per cent of the body weight, and a mean intracellular water content of 1.16 litre or 31.8 per cent of the body weight. Normal infants had a mean total body water of 2.58 litres or 78.2 per cent of the body weight, a mean extracellular water content of 1.53 litre or 44.9 per cent of the body weight, and a mean intracellular water content of 1.12 litre or 33.5 per cent of the body weight. The reduction in total and extracellular water in the diab. infants is statistically significant, whereas that of intracellular water is more doubtful. The reduction in total body water means that diab. infants are obese. A marked decrease in total as well as extracellular water without a substantial decrease in intracellular water cannot be due to obesity alone, since fat is assumed to contain more extracellular than intracellular water. Increased deposition of glycogen, which binds water in the cells and constitutes an intermediate product in the transformation of glucose to fat, can explain, when also considering the obesity, the reduction in total and extracellular water without a simultaneous decrease of intracellular water. Considering the influence of insulin, corticosteroids and growth hormone on the body composition, the author concludes that the changes found in the body composition of newborn infants of diabetic mothers (obesity + presumably increased glycogen) may be assumed to be due to maternal hyperglycaemia with consequent foetal hyperglycaemia + hyperinsulinism, but not to an action of maternal growth hormone. In other words, the result supports the so-called hyperglycaemia hypothesis as the cause of the increased weight and changed body composition of the newborn infants of diabetic women.

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