scholarly journals CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF LIVING BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD STREAM

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Cannon ◽  
F. L. Sullivan ◽  
E. F. Neckermann
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Intracellular Digestion ◽  
Capillary Bed ◽  
Antibody Reaction ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Living Bacteria

1. The simultaneous intravenous injection into normal and actively immunized rabbits of equal quantities of living staphylococci or paratyphoid bacilli is followed by a distinctly accelerated rate of removal of the bacteria from the blood streams of the immune animals. 2. This altered reactivity is due essentially to specific active immunization. 3. The bacteria pass rapidly through the capillary bed of the lungs, extracellularly and dispersed for the most part, and become generalized through the blood stream. 4. The bacteria are quickly removed from the circulating blood in the immune animals and less rapidly in the normal ones, by various organs, particularly the liver and spleen, where they accumulate in enormous numbers, become adherent to the lining membrane of the sinusoids of the liver and apparently to the macrophages of the spleen and are phagocytosed by the macrophages and leucocytes in these organs. 5. Associated with this effect are morphological changes in the bacteria as shown by swelling, loss of staining power and evidences of increased cohesiveness and decreased viscosity, these changes being apparent as early as 2 minutes after their intravenous injection. 6. Inasmuch as these changes are not seen to a marked degree within the lungs or other organs, they are probably the result of a local antigen-antibody reaction of a bacteriotropic type in the two organs generally considered to be most actively concerned with the production of immune bodies. 7. By means of this accelerated bacteriotropic effect in the actively immunized animals, phagocytosis is facilitated and intracellular digestion of the bacteria is enhanced.

scholarly journals BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CELLULAR ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION IN TISSUE CULTURE

1960 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Hayashi ◽  
Akira Tokuda ◽  
Keiji Udaka
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Protease Activation ◽  
Antibody Reaction ◽  
Antigen Antibody

The correlation between morphological and biochemical changes produced by the antigen-antibody reaction was studied in cultures of tissue monocytes taken from sensitized animals. The cells were grown under conditions which allowed collection of samples from the culture fluid as well as microscopic observation. Introduction of the antigen into the culture medium causes rapid release of a protease characterized by its susceptibility to sulfhydryl block and its optimum pH in the neutral range. Protease activation occurs simultaneously with morphological changes in the cytoplasm of the cultured cells. Delayed changes affecting the mitochondria and Golgi bodies appear after the peak of the proteolytic reaction and may be secondary to it. The gradual inactivation of the protease observed in the course of the antigen-antibody reaction will be discussed in a separate paper.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensors Using “Layer Parameter” Obtained from Sensor Responses during Immunoreaction

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4924
Author(s):  
Koji Kano ◽  
Hiromi Yatsuda ◽  
Jun Kondoh
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Wave ◽  
Surface Acoustic Wave ◽  
Horizontal Surface ◽  
Propagation Characteristics ◽  
Viscosity Change ◽  
Layer Parameter ◽  
Antibody Reaction ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Shear Horizontal ◽  
Molecular Dimensions

Shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) biosensors measure the reaction of capture antibodies immobilized on the sensing surface to capture test molecules (antigens) by using the change in SH-SAW propagation characteristics. SH-SAW displacement exists not only on the SH-SAW propagating surface, but also partially penetrates the specimen liquid to a certain depth, which is determined by the liquid properties of the specimen and the operating frequency of the SH-SAW. This phenomenon is called viscosity penetration. In previous studies, the effect of viscosity penetration was not considered in the measurement of SH-SAW biosensors, and the mass or viscosity change caused by the specific binding of capture antibodies to the target antigen was mainly used for the measurement. However, by considering the effect of viscosity penetration, it was found that the antigen–antibody reaction could be measured and the detection characteristics of the biosensor could be improved. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the detection properties of SH-SAW biosensors in the surface height direction by investigating the relationship between molecular dimensions and SH-SAW propagation characteristics, which are pseudo-changed by varying the diameter of gold nanoparticles. For the evaluation, we introduced a layer parameter defined by the ratio of the SH-SAW amplitude change to the SH-SAW velocity change caused by the antigen–antibody reaction. We found a correlation between the layer parameter and pseudo-varied molecular dimensions. The results suggest that SH-SAW does not only measure the mass and viscosity but can also measure the size of the molecule to be detected. This shows that SH-SAW biosensors can be used for advanced functionality.

Tetrazolium Salt and Electron-Microscopic Studies of Cellular Degeneration and Necrosis in the Interdigital Areas of the Developing Chick Limb

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-251
Author(s):  
S. P. HAMMAR ◽  
N. K. MOTTET
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Tetrazolium Salt ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Cellular Degeneration ◽  
Intracellular Digestion

Cellular degeneration and necrosis were studied in the interdigital areas of developing hind limb buds of normal chick embryos by means of enzyme-specific tetrazolium salts and electron microscopy. Using succinic acid as a substrate and the tetrazolium salt, nitro blue tetrazolium, succinate dehydrogenase was specifically demonstrated via a colour reaction in which degenerating and necrotic cells--those with no enzyme activity--did not stain, while those with enzyme activity stained deeply blue-black. The interdigital cells exhibited near absent levels of succinate dehydrogenase as early as stage 26-27, one to two days prior to when morphological evidence of degeneration and necrosis was present. It was postulated that the mechanism of cell death resulted from decreased activity and/or loss of strategic cellular enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, with a subsequent fall in the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and a resultant compromise in vital cellular processes, eventually leading to cell death. The evidence indicated that ‘biochemical degeneration’ occurred prior to morphological changes in cells. The ultrastructural events of degenerating and necrotic cells were also studied. Most ‘dying’ cells observed had already been phagocytosed and were observed in various stages of degeneration. The degenerating cells exhibited both nuclear and cytoplasmic changes. There was evidence of active intracellular digestion within the phagocytes. Numerous lysosomes were observed within these cells, and some appeared fused with the digestive vacuole's membranes. The origin of the phagocytes was not determined. No definite information was obtained concerning the utility of cellular degeneration and necrosis in the interdigital areas of the hind limb buds. It appeared to be at least partially causal in separation of the digits.

scholarly journals BARTONELLA BODIES IN THE BLOOD OF A NON-SPLENECTOMIZED DOG

1935 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. McNaught ◽  
Francis M. Woods ◽  
Virgil Scott
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Many ◽  
Plasma Protein Level

A non-splenectomized dog, on a vitamin-adequate basal diet, in the course of a plasmapheresis experiment, developed an uncontrollable anemia associated with the presence of bodies in or on the erythrocytes, indistinguishable from the descriptions of Bartonella canis. The normal plasma protein level of 7.3 per cent was reduced to 4.1 per cent by diet and the removal of 5354 ml. of whole blood in 33 bleedings. The Bartonella infection was transferred to a splenectomized dog by an intravenous injection of whole blood. Each animal was apparently sterilized by one injection of neoarsphenamine equivalent to 15 mg. per kilo weight. It is possible that the spleen liberates some substance into the blood stream which has an inhibitory effect upon a latent Bartonella infection and that this protective substance was diminished by the many bleedings associated with the lowering of plasma proteins in the non-splenectomized dog and was lacking in the inoculated splenectomized dog.

scholarly journals Effects of Intravenous Injection ofPorphyromonas gingivalison Rabbit Inflammatory Immune Response and Atherosclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gengbing Lin ◽  
Shuai Chen ◽  
Lang Lei ◽  
Xiaoqing You ◽  
Min Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Immune Response

The effects of intravenous injection ofPorphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) on rabbit inflammatory immune response and atherosclerosis were evaluated by establishing a microamount Pg bacteremia model combined with high-fat diet. Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into Groups A-Dn=6. After 14 weeks, levels of inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) in peripheral blood were detected by ELISA. The aorta was subjected to HE staining. Local aortic expressions of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, matrix metallopeptidase-9, and MCP-1 were detected by real-time PCR, and those of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) proteins were detected by Western blot. Intravenous injection of Pg to the bloodstream alone induced atherosclerotic changes and significantly increased systemic and local aortic expressions of inflammatory factors, NF-κB p65, phospho-p38-MAPK, and JNK, especially in Group D. Injection of microamount Pg induced inflammatory immune response and accelerated atherosclerosis, in which the NF-κB p65, p38-MAPK, and JNK signaling pathways played important roles. Intravenous injection of Pg is not the same as Pg from human periodontitis entering the blood stream. Therefore, our results cannot be extrapolated to human periodontitis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document