scholarly journals THE RELATION OF NATURAL HUMORAL ANTIPNEUMOCOCCAL IMMUNITY TO THE INCEPTION OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Robertson ◽  
Edward E. Terrell ◽  
James B. Graeser ◽  
M. Agnes Cornwell
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Individual Human

A study of the pneumococcidal-promoting action of the serum of lobar pneumonia patients, secured from 4 to 48 hours after the onset of the disease, has revealed the fact that in the majority of instances the serum possessed the power to promote killing of the homologous pneumococcus, isolated in different instances from the lung, blood, and sputum. While in some instances this action was slight, in others it was present to as great a degree as in normal individuals and persisted as long as 48 hours or more after the beginning of the disease. The variations observed from case to case were not related to the extent of the pneumonic lesion or to the virulence of the several pneumococcus strains but appeared to depend on differences in individual human beings in respect to the natural antipneumococcus properties of their blood and their reaction to the invading microorganism. A constant relationship was found to exist between the concentration of immune properties in the serum and blood invasion. In the presence of a well marked pneumococcidal-promoting power pneumococci were not found in the blood stream, and only when this property was greatly diminished or lost did blood invasion occur. The findings which are supported by certain previous experimental observations, indicate that lobar pneumonia can occur in the presence of a normal circulating antipneumococcus defense mechanism. From this it is inferred that before pneumococcus growth can be initiated there must be present in the lung local changes of such nature as to provide conditions for the multiplication of pneumococci protected from the pneumococcidal action of the blood. Suppositions as to the nature of these changes and the establishment of the pneumonic lesion are discussed.

scholarly journals THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF INTRAMUSCULAR DOSAGE OF TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCUS ANTISERA

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore J. Curphey ◽  
Herman B. Baruch
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Type I ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Therapeutic Value

1. Intramuscular dosage of antipneumococcus sera in a standard dermal pneumococcic infection in rabbits is as effective as intravenous dosage provided the degree of blood stream invasion be not unusually high. 2. The immediate bactericidal effect of doses of serum given intramuscularly is equal to that of the same doses given intravenously in the cases of mild and moderately severe bacteremias. 3. The intramuscular method of serum administration in human beings with lobar pneumonia deserves a carefully controlled clinical trial.

More than Mere Weather: James's Talks to Students About Life

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall D. Wight
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
Human Interest ◽  
Individual Human

William James addressed the last 3 lectures in Talks to Teachers on Psychology and to Students on Some of Life's Ideals (1899/1958) specifically to students. The first of these lectures, “The Gospel of Relaxation,” encouraged students to be both relaxed and active. The second, “On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings,” promoted awareness of and empathy for the diversity of individual human interest. The last lecture, “What Makes Life Significant,” argued that neither ideals nor passion alone gave life meaning but that the 2 in confluence yield significance. In all, James shared insights suggesting how students might improve their lives.

On the Harm of Genocide

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Paul Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The World ◽  
Scholarly Discussion ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Individual Human ◽  
The Human Condition

My aim in this essay is to advance the state of scholarly discussion on the harms of genocide. The most obvious harms inflicted by every genocide are readily evident: the physical harm inflicted upon the victims of genocide and the moral harm that the perpetrators of genocide inflict upon themselves. Instead, I will focus on a kind of harm inflicted upon those who are neither victims nor perpetrators, on those who are outside observers, so to speak. My thesis will be that when a whole community or culture is eliminated, or even deeply wounded, the world loses an avenue for insight into the human condition. My argument is as follows. In order to understand human nature, and that which promotes its flourishing, we must certainly study individual human beings. But since human beings as rational and linguistic animals are in part constituted by the communities in which they live, the study of human nature should also involve the study of communities and cultures—both those that are well ordered and those that are not. No one community or culture has expressed all that can be said about the human way of existing and flourishing. And given that the unity and wholeness of human nature can only be glimpsed in a variety of communities and cultures, then part of the harm of genocide consists in the removal of a valuable avenue for human beings to better understand themselves.

The September Program: Reflections on the Evidence

1978 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Diary Entry ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
The Press ◽  
Political Warfare ◽  
Revolutionary Movements ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Individual Human

In August 1914 Kurt Riezler accompanied Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg to the Supreme Headquarters in Koblenz and Luxembourg. His duties were not clearly defined and included a variety of things: He worked on war aims, parliamentary speeches, revolutionary movements, and domestic political questions. He helped interpret the chancellor's policies to the press, establish guidelines for censorship, and write anonymous articles supporting Bethmann Hollweg's policies. He could be called Bethmann Hollweg's assistant for political warfare.Unlike most Germans Riezler sensed from the beginning that a German victory was not assured. On August 14, 1914, in his first diary entry after the outbreak of war, he noted that although “everybody was apparently happy to be able for once to dedicate himself unreservedly to a great cause, … no one doubts or appears to consider even for an instant what a gamble war is, especially this war.” Riezler also realized that the “ideas of 1914” would not retain their strength forever. “Just as the storm frightens the vermin out of the air—when it becomes quieter again, everything crawls out of its refuge—and emerges again in the state as well as in individual human beings.” This realization protected Riezler from the naive belief that Germany could bear a long war without an obvious effort to achieve a negotiated peace, without a new European order which at most allowed Germany indirect control, and without domestic political concessions to the German masses.

scholarly journals Social Responsibility: Can it Contribute for Sustainable Welfarism?

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Indra P. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Social Responsibilities ◽  
Professional Responsibilities ◽  
Voluntary Contribution ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Corporations ◽  
Individual Human

Human beings as natural persons as well as other juristic persons are expected to contribute to the society as part of social responsibility in addition to their defined legal and professional responsibilities with a view to continuously building a better and equally equitable, peaceful and sustainable society. If defined “social responsibility” as the voluntary contribution of the juristic and natural persons, i.e. government, corporations/ companies, organizations/ associations, and individual human beings, should the matter of contributing for the betterment of the society through social responsibility be left to the contributor? Contrarily, in a situation of functioning within the stringent laws, rules and regulation of the Government by all juristic and natural persons, should we expect something more than their legal and main responsibilities from them on the name of social responsibilities? Do society, moreover communities and individuals, expect special/additional social responsibilities from all persons, and if so, what sorts of responsibilities are included with what priorities? Similarly, are there different approaches in defining responsibilities of various persons, juristic and natural? If yes, in what situations and what conditions? Debates are going on about the functions and procedures for undertaking social responsibilities as well. This paper in the above context is discussing the objectives and missions, functions, structure(s), processes, the expectations from social responsibilities fulfilled and unfulfilled, and the impacts in the society as expected and not expected, thereby open up the areas for comprehensive and holistic discussion.

scholarly journals PP2Ac Modulates AMPK-Mediated Induction of Autophagy in Mycobacterium bovis—Infected Macrophages

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6030
Author(s):  
Hussain ◽  
Zhao ◽  
Shah ◽  
Sabir ◽  
Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ampk Signaling ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Wide Range

Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in cattle population across the world. Human beings are at equal risk of developing tuberculosis beside a wide range of M. bovis infections in animal species. Autophagic sequestration and degradation of intracellular pathogens is a major innate immune defense mechanism adopted by host cells for the control of intracellular infections. It has been reported previously that the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) is crucial for regulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated autophagic signaling pathways, yet its role in tuberculosis is still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that M. bovis infection increased PP2Ac expression in murine macrophages, while nilotinib a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) significantly suppressed PP2Ac expression. In addition, we observed that TKI-induced AMPK activation was dependent on PP2Ac regulation, indicating the contributory role of PP2Ac towards autophagy induction. Furthermore, we found that the activation of AMPK signaling is vital for the regulating autophagy during M. bovis infection. Finally, the transient inhibition of PP2Ac expression enhanced the inhibitory effect of TKI-nilotinib on intracellular survival and multiplication of M. bovis in macrophages by regulating the host’s immune responses. Based on these observations, we suggest that PP2Ac should be exploited as a promising molecular target to intervene in host–pathogen interactions for the development of new therapeutic strategies towards the control of M. bovis infections in humans and animals.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT

1926 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie T. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Direct Extension ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Intranasal Instillation

1. Four general types of spontaneous pneumonia, associated with strains of Bact. lepisepticum similar in biology and virulence, are described: (1) an acute, diffuse form, with subpleural and perivascular orientation of the exudate, (2) lobar, (3) pleuro-, and (4) abscess pneumonia. 2. The acute, diffuse, lobar, and pleuro pneumonias may be induced experimentally by intranasal instillation of a virulent strain of Bact. lepisepticum. 3. These same types occur when the organisms are inoculated intravenously, intratesticularly, and subcutaneously. 4. Intrabronchial insufflation of the organisms brings about infection in less than half of the animals. When effective, a sharply circumscribed, peribronchial lesion is found at the base of the lung, which spreads peripherally by direct extension, and generally by invasion of the blood stream. 5. It is concluded that differences in the types of pneumonia following infection with similar strains of Bact. lepisepticum depend upon the resistance of the animal, and that the usual portal of entry of this organism into the lungs, in cases of acute and lobar pneumonia, is by way of the blood stream.

Human Dignity as a Protected Interest in Criminal Law

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 143-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Hörnle ◽  
Mordechai Kremnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Child Pornography ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Third ◽  
Objective Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Human

Human dignity can be a protected interest in criminal law. This paper starts with some reflections about the meaning of human dignity and then examines offense descriptions in the German Penal Code and the Israeli Penal Code. These codes are used as sources for identifying possibly relevant prohibitions. One can indeed find numerous examples of offense descriptions that can be justified by pointing to human dignity, either as a main protected interest or as a protected interest in addition to other interests. The protected interest can be either the individual victim's right to human dignity or human dignity as an objective value. Offense descriptions that can be connected to “protection of human dignity” should, for analytical purposes, be divided into three groups: violations of the dignity of individual human beings through acts other than speech; violations of the human dignity of individuals through speech; and media content that does not contain statements about individuals but shows scenes of severe humiliation (e.g., fictional child pornography). Questions that need further discussion primarily concern the second group (what role should free speech play in cases of human dignity violations?) and the third group (does the acknowledgement of human dignity as an objective value mean to endorse a re-moralization of the criminal law?).

What is a Psychological Unit?

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Human

This paper considers the question “What is a psychological unit?”. The ubiquity of units in daily life and in science is considered. The assumption that the individual human being or animal is the psychological unit is examined and rejected. The units represented by the data collected in operant laboratories are interpreted as a subset of the well-defined changes that individual human beings or animals can bring about. The departure of this interpretation from the traditional interpretation in terms of the behaviour of the organism is acknowledged. The paper concludes by noting the relation of the present interpretation of operant research to the problem of identifying psychological units.

Die Objektivität einer Moral der sorgenden Achtung für menschliche Lebewesen

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Sydow
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Objectivity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Formal Feature ◽  
Do So ◽  
Individual Human

AbstractThe paper starts with the intuition that morality basically consists in a caring respect for human beings: Moral subjects have to respect human beings in their individual human potential, and they have to do whatever is necessary for this potential to be realized. The main aim of the paper is to defend the claim that this understanding of morality is connected with objectivity as a formal feature of morality. I begin by considering constructivist and cooperation-based accounts of morality. Their explanation of moral objectivity is not compatible with caring respect as fundamental content of morality. (1) Thus, in order to argue for my claim I have to put this explanation of moral objectivity into question. To do so, I turn to its action theoretic background. Since this background consists in a dualistic understanding of action I sketch and argue for a non-dualistic alternative based on the notion of practical conceptual capacities. (2 & 3) This understanding of human agency leads to the conception of objectively good actions in which the subject is determined by the reality of bodily substances. (4) In the final section, I propose to conceive of human beings as a certain kind of bodily substances, namely as bearers of conceptual capacities. Consequently, moral actions can be seen as a certain type of objectively good actions. These actions correspond to what has to be done out of caring respect because this is exactly what bodily substances with conceptual capacities oblige moral subjects to do. (5)

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