scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT

1926 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie T. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Previous Exposure

Rabbits with no previous exposure to Bact. lepisepticum were given, intranasally, a known dose of one strain or another of this organism, or of B. bronchisepticus. The results give grounds for the following conclusions.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review and Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies on Household Fuel Use and Its Health Effects Using Demographic and Health Surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Odo ◽  
Ian A. Yang ◽  
Luke D. Knibbs
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Cooking Fuel

The domestic combustion of polluting fuels is associated with an estimated 3 million premature deaths each year and contributes to climate change. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), valid and representative estimates of people exposed to household air pollution (HAP) are scarce. The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is an important and consistent source of data on household fuel use for cooking and has facilitated studies of health effects. However, the body of research based on DHS data has not been systematically identified, nor its strengths and limitations critically assessed as a whole. We aimed to systematically review epidemiological studies using DHS data that considered cooking fuel type as the main exposure, including the assessment of the extent and key drivers of bias. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and the DHS publication portal. We assessed the quality and risk of bias (RoB) of studies using a novel tool. Of 2748 records remaining after removing duplicates, 63 were read in full. A total of 45 out of 63 studies were included in our review, spanning 11 different health outcomes and representing 50 unique analyses. In total, 41 of 45 (91%) studies analysed health outcomes in children <5 years of age, including respiratory infections (n = 17), death (all-cause) (n = 14), low birthweight (n = 5), stunting and anaemia (n = 5). Inconsistencies were observed between studies in how cooking fuels were classified into relatively high- and low-polluting. Overall, 36/50 (80%) studies reported statistically significant adverse associations between polluting fuels and health outcomes. In total, 18/50 (36%) of the analyses were scored as having moderate RoB, while 16/50 (32%) analyses were scored as having serious or critical RoB. Although HAP exposure assessment is not the main focus of the DHS, it is the main, often only, source of information in many LMICs. An appreciable proportion of studies using it to analyse the association between cooking fuel use and health have potential for high RoB, mostly related to confounder control, exposure assessment and misclassification, and outcome ascertainment. Based on our findings, we provide some suggestions for ways in which revising the information collected by the DHS could make it even more amenable to studies of household fuel use and health, and reduce the RoB, without being onerous to collect and analyse.

ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS FOR THE REFUSAL OF THE POPULATION FROM VACCINES

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 280-284
Author(s):  
Х. Б. Сарсенбай ◽  
А. Н. Турсынханова ◽  
Б. А. Конысов
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Infections ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

Согласно данным ВОЗ, современные эпидемиологические исследования показали, что рецидивирующие респираторные инфекции у детей раннего и дошкольного возраста сохраняются на высоком уровне 10-50% в течение более 40 лет. Конец вакцинации может спровоцировать массовые инфекционные заболевания. Врачи бьют тревогу, что число отказников от обязательной вакцинации растет. Только в каждой поликлинике Алматы 30-40 родителей в год говорят о готовности к профилактике заболеваний. Среди тех, кто категорически отказывается трогать своих детей иголками, - те, кто идет по пути религии. Они считают, что прививка противоречит убеждениям. В последнее время список недовольных групп пополняют и простые жители, которые скептически относятся к квалификации белых. According to WHO, current epidemiological studies have shown that recurrent respiratory infections in young children and preschool children persist at a high level of 10-50% for more than 40 years. The end of vaccination can provoke mass infectious diseases. Doctors are sounding the alarm that the number of refusers from mandatory vaccination is growing. Only in every polyclinic in Almaty, 30-40 parents a year talk about their readiness for disease prevention. Among those who categorically refuse to touch their children with needles are those who follow the path of religion. They believe that vaccination is contrary to their beliefs. Recently, the list of discontented groups has been supplemented by ordinary residents who are skeptical about the qualifications of whites.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT

1926 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie T. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Direct Extension ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Intranasal Instillation

1. Four general types of spontaneous pneumonia, associated with strains of Bact. lepisepticum similar in biology and virulence, are described: (1) an acute, diffuse form, with subpleural and perivascular orientation of the exudate, (2) lobar, (3) pleuro-, and (4) abscess pneumonia. 2. The acute, diffuse, lobar, and pleuro pneumonias may be induced experimentally by intranasal instillation of a virulent strain of Bact. lepisepticum. 3. These same types occur when the organisms are inoculated intravenously, intratesticularly, and subcutaneously. 4. Intrabronchial insufflation of the organisms brings about infection in less than half of the animals. When effective, a sharply circumscribed, peribronchial lesion is found at the base of the lung, which spreads peripherally by direct extension, and generally by invasion of the blood stream. 5. It is concluded that differences in the types of pneumonia following infection with similar strains of Bact. lepisepticum depend upon the resistance of the animal, and that the usual portal of entry of this organism into the lungs, in cases of acute and lobar pneumonia, is by way of the blood stream.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT

1927 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Nasal Passages

These observations have brought out three facts which may be stated briefly as follows. 1. An acute respiratory epidemic was incited by mucoid strains of Bact. lepisepticum of moderate and uniform virulence. 2. The epidemic was brought about not by an alteration in the virulence of the prevailing strains of Bact. lepisepticum but by a sudden distribution of virulent organisms among a susceptible population hitherto unexposed. 3. Individuals in this population showed different degrees of resistance to the infecting bacillus; some died from pneumonia and septicemia, while others localized the infection to the nasal passages. The significance of these facts has been discussed at length elsewhere (4).

scholarly journals Recent Molecular Evolution of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Subdivision of HMPV A2b Strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1280
Author(s):  
Naganori Nao ◽  
Miwako Saikusa ◽  
Ko Sato ◽  
Tsuyoshi Sekizuka ◽  
Shuzo Usuku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Human Metapneumovirus ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major etiological agent of acute respiratory infections in humans. HMPV has been circulating worldwide for more than six decades and is currently divided into five agreed-upon subtypes: A1, A2a, A2b, B1, and B2. Recently, the novel HMPV subtypes A2c, A2b1, and A2b2 have been proposed. However, the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between these recently proposed HMPV subtypes are unclear. Here, we report a genome-wide phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of 161 HMPV strains, including unique HMPV subtype A2b strains with a 180- or 111-nucleotide duplication in the G gene (nt-dup). Our data demonstrate that the HMPV A2b subtype contains two distinct subtypes, A2b1 and A2b2, and that the HMPV subtypes A2c and A2b2 may be different names for the same subtype. HMPV A2b strains with a nt-dup also belong to subtype A2b2. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicate that subtypes A2b1 and A2b2 diverged from subtype A2b around a decade after the subtype A2 was divided into the subtypes A2a and A2b. These data support the A2b1 and A2b2 subtypes proposed in 2012 and are essential for the unified classification of HMPV subtype A2 strains, which is important for future HMPV surveillance and epidemiological studies.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in Denmark: Evaluation of the Increasing Incidence of Registered SIDS in the Period 1972 to 1983 and Results of a Prospective Study in 1987 through 1988

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-859
Author(s):  
Karin Helweg-Larsen ◽  
Lisbeth B. Knudsen ◽  
Markil Gregersen ◽  
Jørn Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
National Board ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Live Births

To investigate a reported increase, from 0.4 to 1.3 per thousand live births, in the Danish incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), a retrospective analysis of SIDS in Denmark from 1972 to 1983 was carried out. Based on data registered with the National Board of Health, a notable regional difference in SIDS rate between the western and eastern parts of Denmark was found. This difference did not correlate with the overall postneonatal mortality by region. Danish law requires medicolegal investigation in all cases of sudden unexpected death. Medicolegal autopsies are performed only in the three forensic institutes which cover all of Denmark. Despite the law and a uniform organization of the forensic medical services, differing application of postmortem examinations and individual interpretation of the history and autopsy in cases of sudden infant death existed. Differences in reporting of respiratory infections, suffocation, and cardiac malformation were found to contribute to the increase and to regional disparities in SIDS incidence. The three Danish forensic institutes examined all cases of sudden infant deaths in Denmark 1987 and 1988. These cases were classified as explained cause of death, pure SIDS, and atypical SIDS; atypical cases were evaluated by consensus. The SIDS incidence (the number of classic SIDS and atypical SIDS per thousand live births) was 1.9 in 1987 and 1.3 in 1988, and it was identical in the eastern and western part of Denmark; however, a higher incidence both of overall postneonatal and SIDS mortality was found in the middle region of Denmark. The analysis stresses the importance of high autopsy rate and expert investigation in all cases of infant death in order to obtain reliable data for epidemiological studies. A prospective joint study of all postneonatal infant deaths in Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark will be carried out to analyze the reliability and the possible cause of reported differences in SIDS incidence in the five Nordic countries.

scholarly journals A SOCIAL MEDIA-BASED SURVEY AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS TO EVALUATE THE INCIDENCE OF COVID19-LIKE PNEUMONIA FROM NOVEMBER 2019 IN INDIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Jagdish Chaturvedi ◽  
Pooja Kadambi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Healthcare Industry ◽  
Relative Mortality ◽  
Significant Peak ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The COVID-19 pandemic has been responsible for over 500,000 deaths and 12 million infections as of July 2020. Though the number of cases in India is growing, the rate of rise rising in infections and the relative mortality rate has been lower than predicted. While many hypotheses have been laid out as possible reasons, a few physicians noticed a significant peak in COVID19-like respiratory infections through November – January 2020, and. They attributed this as the reason behind the lower mortality rate as a result of some kind of pre-existing immunity to the virus. A social media survey instrument was used to gather inputs from doctors and other individuals in the healthcare industry to understand the volume of doctors who noticed rising COVID19-like viral URTI cases during November – January 2020. The survey specifically asked about symptoms associated with coronavirus infections and about any rise in cases noted by treating physicians. 174 individuals answered the survey (46% treating physicians and 54% other healthcare professionals). The survey covered 41 cities in India and reported a growth of cases from before November 2019 to a peak in January 2020. Physicians surveyed, reported a rise in upper respiratory cases up to 50% during that time. 91% of all individuals surveyed had some or all of the symptoms associated with coronavirus infection. These findings may indicate the presence of an earlier strain of coronavirus or similar virus and be a contributing factor to the slower initial spread and lowered mortality noted in India. Further epidemiological studies are needed to draw any definitive conclusions.

scholarly journals Respiratory and Allergic Effects in Children Exposed to Pesticides—A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2740
Author(s):  
Rafael Junqueira Buralli ◽  
Amana Freitas Dultra ◽  
Helena Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Mitigation Strategies

Pesticide exposure may affect children’s respiratory and allergic health, although results from epidemiological studies have not reached consensus. This review aims to analyze the scientific evidence on respiratory and allergic effects of exposure to agricultural pesticides in children aged up to 12 years old. The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, and Lilacs were screened to select articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, and 21 articles were included in this review. Most investigations were conducted in North America (mostly in the United States), while no studies conducted in Latin America or Africa were found, despite their intensive use of pesticides. Children are exposed to pesticides through multiple pathways from the prenatal period throughout later developmental stages and may experience several respiratory effects. Most studies (79%) found positive associations with pesticide exposure and children’s respiratory and allergic effects such as asthma, wheezing, coughs, acute respiratory infections, hay fever, rhinitis, eczema, chronic phlegm, and lung function impairments. Contrastingly, 21% of the studies found no associations between pesticide exposure and children’s respiratory health. The vast differences among the characteristics of the studies hamper any comparison of the results. Exposure to pesticides may have several impacts on childhood respiratory health. More studies must be conducted, especially in low- and middle-income countries, preferably with comparable research protocols adapted to local realities. Efforts should be made to develop comprehensive risk mitigation strategies and behavioral interventions to reduce children’s exposure to pesticides used in agriculture and respiratory health effects, and to ensure healthy childhood growth.

scholarly journals Environmental exposure to pesticides and respiratory health

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (137) ◽  
pp. 462-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mamane ◽  
Chantal Raherison ◽  
Jean-François Tessier ◽  
Isabelle Baldi ◽  
Ghislaine Bouvier
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Respiratory Effects ◽  
Parental Questionnaire ◽  
Pubmed Database

Respiratory effects of environmental exposure to pesticides are debated. Here we aimed to review epidemiological studies published up until 2013, using the PubMed database. 20 studies dealing with respiratory health and non-occupational pesticide exposure were identified, 14 carried out on children and six on adults.In four out of nine studies in children with biological measurements, mothers' dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) blood levels during pregnancy were associated with asthma and wheezing in young children. An association was also found between permethrin in indoor air during pregnancy and wheezing in children. A significant association between asthma and DDE measured in children's blood (aged 7–10 years) was observed in one study. However, in three studies, no association was found between asthma or respiratory infections in children and pesticide levels in breast milk and/or infant blood. Lastly, in three out of four studies where post-natal pesticide exposure of children was assessed by parental questionnaire an association with respiratory symptoms was found. Results of the fewer studies on pesticide environmental exposure and respiratory health of adults were much less conclusive: indeed, the associations observed were weak and often not significant.In conclusion, further studies are needed to confirm whether there is a respiratory risk associated with environmental exposure to pesticides.

scholarly journals Air pollution and health: Evidence from epidemiological studies and population impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 00016
Author(s):  
Francesco Forastiere ◽  
Carla Ancona
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Tract Cancer

Outdoor air pollution —in particular particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone— can exert its effects on health after acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) exposures. Short-term exposures increase the probability of the onset of acute diseases within a few days, such as myocardial infarction or stroke, or even death in the case of susceptible individuals. Long-term exposures are associated with decreased survival and incidence of several non-communicable diseases, including cardiorespiratory conditions and lung cancer. In Europe, the large ESCAPE project (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects — www.escapeproject.eu) evaluated the chronic effects of air pollution in the cohorts of adult subjects. The results of ESCAPE show an association between chronic exposure to air pollutants and natural mortality, cardiovascular events, lung, brain, breast and digestive tract cancer. The recent joint statement of the European Respiratory Society and the American Respiratory Society clarifies the wide spectrum of adverse effects of pollution, including “new” diseases such as neurological and metabolic syndrome previously not studied. The estimates by the Global Burden of Disease provide nowadays indications that air pollution causes illness and mortality, just after diet, smoking, hypertension and diabetes: 4.2 million premature deaths a year worldwide. Ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lower respiratory infections are the main conditions associated with air-pollution–related mortality.

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