scholarly journals STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL MEASLES

1922 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Duval ◽  
Rigney D'Aunoy
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Specific Virus ◽  
Repeated Passage

An active transmissible virus exists in the blood of measles patients during the eruptive stage of the disease. This virus produces in rabbits after intravenous injection a specific reaction analogous in all essential features to that of the human infection. Following a definite incubation period of from 2 to 5 days the animals infected show pyrexial, leucocytic, and cutaneous alterations. Fully 90 per cent of such inoculated rabbits react in a remarkable manner. The earliest constant symptom of the infection is a rise in temperature, which on the average occurs 4 days after inoculation and most probably marks the end of the incubation period. Concomitantly with this temperature rise there is a diminution in the total number of circulating leucocytes. This decrease in the number of white blood elements may be relative or may appear in the form of a well defined leucopenia. The most striking objective signs are the coryza, conjunctival injection, enanthemata, and exanthemata. The mucous membrane lesions are similar in their physical appearance to the so called Koplik spots seen in man. They occur on the buccal side of the oral cavity ranging in number from two to eight discrete hemorrhagic areas with paler centers. They appear as a rule coincidently with the temperature rise or shortly thereafter. The exanthematous lesions though occurring only in about 40 per cent of the infected animals complete the clinical syndrome in this particular experimental host. The rash may appear as early as the 3rd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation. In its early stage it is of the macular variety, appearing as a diffuse eruption which later develops into a more papular type of lesion. At this time the cutaneous manifestations appear as slightly raised, flattened, purplish red, discrete areas in the skin of the face, neck, chest, and abdomen. Repeated passage of the virus of measles through the rabbit seems to increase its virulence. A number of animals infected with such passage virus succumb in the fourth and subsequent generations, undoubtedly as the direct result of the action of the specific excitant, as in none of the animals was there cultural evidence of secondary intercurrent infection. In the animals dying presumably as a result of the specific virus grave nephritic changes were evident. It is a noteworthy fact that the pneumonia so common in fatal cases of human measles was not evident in any of the experimental animals. We believe this to be of considerable significance, especially in elucidating the direct etiological factor of the fatal pneumonias so often present in human measles cases. Apparently such infections in man can be explained purely on the basis of the destruction of normal defense barriers by the specific excitant of the infectious disease, and the lack of host resistance to the ordinary pyogenic microorganism.

Designing Emotion Of Characters By Referencing From Facs In Short Animated Film “RANA”

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Fransisca Adis ◽  
Yohanes Merci Widiastomo
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Basic Characteristic ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
3D Animation ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Facial Action Coding System ◽  
Facial Action ◽  
Animated Film ◽  
Character Design ◽  
The Face

Facial expression is one of some aspects that can deliver story and character’s emotion in 3D animation. To achieve that, we need to plan the character facial from very beginning of the production. At early stage, the character designer need to think about the expression after theu done the character design. Rigger need to create a flexible rigging to achieve the design. Animator can get the clear picture how they animate the facial. Facial Action Coding System (FACS) that originally developed by Carl-Herman Hjortsjo and adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. can be used to identify emotion in a person generally. This paper is going to explain how the Writer use FACS to help designing the facial expression in 3D characters. FACS will be used to determine the basic characteristic of basic shapes of the face when show emotions, while compare with actual face reference. Keywords: animation, facial expression, non-dialog

scholarly journals Subcritical Transmission in the Early Stage of COVID-19 in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Yong Sul Won ◽  
Jong-Hoon Kim ◽  
Chi Young Ahn ◽  
Hyojung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Statistical Characterization ◽  
Serial Interval ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reporting Delays

While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has been ongoing in Korea since January 2020, there were limited transmissions during the early stages of the outbreak. In the present study, we aimed to provide a statistical characterization of COVID-19 transmissions that led to this small outbreak. We collated the individual data of the first 28 confirmed cases reported from 20 January to 10 February 2020. We estimated key epidemiological parameters such as reporting delay (i.e., time from symptom onset to confirmation), incubation period, and serial interval by fitting probability distributions to the data based on the maximum likelihood estimation. We also estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) using the renewal equation, which allows for the transmissibility to differ between imported and locally transmitted cases. There were 16 imported and 12 locally transmitted cases, and secondary transmissions per case were higher for the imported cases than the locally transmitted cases (nine vs. three cases). The mean reporting delays were estimated to be 6.76 days (95% CI: 4.53, 9.28) and 2.57 days (95% CI: 1.57, 4.23) for imported and locally transmitted cases, respectively. The mean incubation period was estimated to be 5.53 days (95% CI: 3.98, 8.09) and was shorter than the mean serial interval of 6.45 days (95% CI: 4.32, 9.65). The R0 was estimated to be 0.40 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.99), accounting for the local and imported cases. The fewer secondary cases and shorter reporting delays for the locally transmitted cases suggest that contact tracing of imported cases was effective at reducing further transmissions, which helped to keep R0 below one and the overall transmissions small.

scholarly journals Organisational change in hospitals: a qualitative case-study of staff perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Pomare ◽  
Kate Churruca ◽  
Janet C. Long ◽  
Louise A. Ellis ◽  
Jeffrey Braithwaite
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Organisational Change ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Metropolitan Hospital ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Expectations

Abstract Background Organisational change in health systems is common. Success is often tied to the actors involved, including their awareness of the change, personal engagement and ownership of it. In many health systems, one of the most common changes we are witnessing is the redevelopment of long-standing hospitals. However, we know little about how hospital staff understand and experience such potentially far-reaching organisational change. The purpose of this study is to explore the understanding and experiences of hospital staff in the early stages of organisational change, using a hospital redevelopment in Sydney, Australia as a case study. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 46 clinical and non-clinical staff working at a large metropolitan hospital. Hospital staff were moving into a new building, not moving, or had moved into a different building two years prior. Questions asked staff about their level of awareness of the upcoming redevelopment and their experiences in the early stage of this change. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Some staff expressed apprehension and held negative expectations regarding the organisational change. Concerns included inadequate staffing and potential for collaboration breakdown due to new layout of workspaces. These fears were compounded by current experiences of feeling uninformed about the change, as well as feelings of being fatigued and under-staffed in the constantly changing hospital environment. Nevertheless, balancing this, many staff reported positive expectations regarding the benefits to patients of the change and the potential for staff to adapt in the face of this change. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that it is important to understand prospectively how actors involved make sense of organisational change, in order to potentially assuage concerns and alleviate negative expectations. Throughout the processes of organisational change, such as a hospital redevelopment, staff need to be engaged, adequately informed, trained, and to feel supported by management. The use of champions of varying professions and lead departments, may be useful to address concerns, adequately inform, and promote a sense of engagement among staff.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOTHERAPY OF RUNT DISEASE IN RATS

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willys K. Silvers ◽  
R. E. Billingham
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Tissue Antigens

Using rats of the Lewis and BN (Ag-B locus incompatible) isogenic strains, a comparative study has been made of the capacity to prevent or mitigate the development of runt disease with: (a) lymph node cell suspensions from normal adult BN rats, (b) node cells, or (c) serum from donors sensitized against Lewis tissue antigens, or (d) heterologous anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) raised in rabbits against rat thymocytes. Following a standard intravenous or intraperitoneal inoculation of 20 x 106 Lewis node cells into neonatal BN hosts, there are cutaneous manifestations of runt disease within 11–15 days and death invariably takes place within 20 days. However, complete protection is afforded by administration of a similar number of normal BN node cells via a different vein, or admixed with the otherwise harmful Lewis node cells. However, timing of the administration was crucially important—precedence or delay by as little as 4 hr resulted in a great impairment of protection. When the inoculations of the two cell suspensions were separated by 24 hr, no protection was afforded. These and other observations suggested that a necessary condition for protection of the hosts by unsensitized isologous cells requires that they establish a prompt and intimate confrontation with the homologous target cells. At the same dosage level, suspensions of node cells from sensitized isologous donors were much more effective therapeutically, saving the lives of 92% of treated subjects when administered after a delay of 3 days, and of 19% when the delay was 4 or 5 days. Of the various immunotherapeutic agents studied, daily injections of 0.2 ml of isoantiserum gave the best results, and could totally reverse the course of the disease even when initiated at age 10–13 days and subjects already presented symptoms. ALS, although inferior to isoantiserum at the dosage levels tested, proved to be superior to sensitized isologous cells as a protective agent, since the initiation of daily injections after delays of 6 or 8 days were still effective. The observations that delayed treatments of infant rats with isoantisera or ALS resulted in complete recoveries sustain the thesis that the lesions responsible for the fatal outcome of runt diseases are not inflicted at a very early stage. The efficacy of both isoantisera and ALS as a means of inhibiting the progression of homologous disease also suggests that they may have therapeutic value in situations where this condition is encountered.

Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Palaeonematidae fam. n.), a Devonian nematode associated with early land plants

Nematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Poinar Jr ◽  
Hans Kerp ◽  
Hagen Hass
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Face ◽  
Early Land

AbstractNematodes are one of the most abundant groups of invertebrates on the face of the earth. Their extremely poor fossil record hinders our ability to assess just when members of this group invaded land and first became associated with plants. This study reports fossil nematodes from the stomatal chambers of the Early Devonian (396 mya) land plant, Aglaophyton major. These nematodes, which are tentatively assigned to the order Enoplia, are described as Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. in the new family Palaeonematidae fam. n. Diagnostic characters of the family are: i) cuticular striations; ii) uniform, cylindrical pharynx with the terminal portion only slightly set off from the remainder; and iii) a two-portioned buccal cavity with the upper portion bearing protuberances. The presence of eggs, juveniles and adults in family clusters within the plant tissues provide the earliest evidence of an association between terrestrial plants and animals and may represent an early stage in the evolution of plant parasitism by nematodes.

Evaluation of urinary TNF-α and KIM-1 biomarkers in T2DM in Upper Egypt

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdy EL Sharkawy ◽  
Samir K Abdul-Hamid ◽  
Tarek T Elmelegy ◽  
Mohammed F Adawy
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most frequent cause of chronic kidney failure in both developed and developing countries. Diabetic nephropathy, is a clinical syndrome characterized by albuminuria (>300 mg/day) with permanent and irreversible decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Aim of the Work To study the role of urinary TNF-α and urine KIM-1 in type 2 diabetic patients as predictors of DN comparative with albuminuria. Patients and Methods This is a cross-sectional study which include 90 type-2 diabetic patients and 30 controls selected from the outpatient clinic of Assiut University hospitals. All patients gave an informed consent and approval for the study was obtained from the IRB committee of the Assiut Medical Faculty. The recruited patients were divided into three groups: Normo-albuminuria Group (A) (n = 30): UACR less than 30 mg/gm, Microalbuminuria Group (B) (n = 30): UACR between 30-299 mg/gm and Macro-albuminuria Group (C) (n = 30): UACR equal or more than 300 mg/gm. Assess Urinary TNF-α and urine KIM-1 in comparision with albuminuria. Results Urinary KIM-1 and urinary TNF-α are statically significant with albuminuria in patients in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy (eGFR _60 mL/min/1.73 m2).Also there are statically significance between patients with macroalbuminuria than microalbuminuria. Conclusion The results of this study recommend the use of KIM-1 and TNF-α as good predictors of early detection of development of diabetic nephropathy.

scholarly journals The time in which nothing happened: A memorial to the Battle of Verdun considered through the theoretical discourse of Paul Virilio and his accusations about the violent phenomena of speed

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Henry Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Fading Memory ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
The People ◽  
Paul Virilio ◽  
The Face ◽  
Dialogue Design ◽  
Society Today ◽  
Stimulation Of

<p>Architecture is under attack! Where it could once be understood as a medium of communication which helped society to situate their existential role within society. Today it can be increasingly understood as little more than a spatial device necessitated by humanities inert vulnerability to the exterior landscape. In the face of the post-modern phenomenon of speed, architecture is becoming a tectonic of interference. Cars to pass around it, communications pierce through it and for the people whom exist within it, it increasingly disappears.  While the problems that stem from this remain unclear. Through investigating the work of French intellectual and humanist Paul Virilio, the accidents that this may cause, become slowly exposed. Manifesting themselves beyond just the physical accidents which occur as a direct result of technological progress. But equally as accidental shifts of human consciousness leading to permanent alteration in the ways in which reality is informed. Due to the fact that, perception, which must be understood as filtered and subconsciously reformatted, is a learned response to the otherwise overwhelming stimulation of both physical and virtual speed.  Virilio proposes that what this will lead to is a profound disconnection between the individuals who experience the speed of hypermodernity and the objective world. A world which is informed by both by the unrelenting passing of time but also the historical events which slowly play out over time. The problem with this, Virilio would argue, is that the ability to react appropriately to the events and accidents which make up this contemporary existence, is contingent upon this connection. Therefore it would appear that this problem becomes self-perpetuating. The more speed disconnects individuals from the world around them, the harder it becomes to react to the accidents caused by speed, because these accidents increasingly become perceived, or rather not perceived, as time in which nothing happened.  In direct opposition to this, the fading memory of the battle of Verdun is forced up against this paradigm, providing the necessary groundwork for Virilio’s work to be explored.  Through this dialogue, design conclusions will be reached through the process of designing a memorial architecture, which will be positioned on the site of the battlefield. A process that explores architectures role in returning a collective consciousness back to the battle of Verdun. Whilst simultaneously reconsidering the nature of this responsibility in the contemporary landscape that society has found itself within, only a 100 years after the final shots were fired.</p>

scholarly journals Extensive Palisaded Neutrophilic Granulomatous Dermatitis with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Luke J Maxfield ◽  
Laura S Tanner ◽  
Chelsea Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Neutrophilic Dermatoses ◽  
Granulomatous Dermatitis ◽  
The Impact

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system disease with a myriad of mucocutaneous and systemic findings. One of the atypical cutaneous manifestations is palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD). This uncommon condition presents as tender or asymptomatic, flesh-colored, red to violaceous subcutaneous nodules. The diagnosis may be suspected clinically but is confirmed by biopsy. The impact of the disease may be the direct result of pain, psychosocial, cosmetic concerns, or be the initial presentation of an underlying systemic disease. We present a patient with known SLE who developed PNGD. We also review similar clinical and microscopic disease entities with a summative comparison of neutrophilic dermatoses in patients with autoimmune connective tissue diseases. 

A Framework for Understanding Adaptation by Manufacturing Industries

2017 ◽  
pp. 302-313
Author(s):  
Saon Ray
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
The Face ◽  
Regulatory Barriers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Medium Firms

This chapter discusses what constitutes adaptation responses by firms in the face of climate change. There are four integral components of adaptation activities undertaken by firms: assessment of risk, understanding of vulnerability, understanding the regulatory barriers to overcome the vulnerability, and, finally, adoption of policies to overcome the vulnerability. While it is easy to understand these components separately, their interdependencies make the overall picture more complicated. Also complicating the issue is the fact that most small and medium firms do not have the capacity and resources to predict the impact of such changes on their operations, and hence, to quickly make the adjustments necessary to overcome them. The response of firms also depends on the nature of the climate risk they face, whether it is sea-level rise, or temperature rise.

scholarly journals A rare case of Sweet syndrome secondary to melioidosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahathevan Vithoosan ◽  
Balendran Thanushah ◽  
Paramarajan Piranavan ◽  
Dayal Gamlaksha ◽  
Harindra Karunatilake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Burkholderia Pseudomallei ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Sweet Syndrome ◽  
Emerging Infection ◽  
Oral Ulcers ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Face

Abstract Background Melioidosis is an emerging infection in South Asia caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei with various clinical presentations that include pneumonia, bacteraemia, arthritis, and deep-seated abscesses. Various cutaneous manifestations have been described in association with melioidosis. However Sweet Syndrome secondary to melioidosis has not been reported in the literature. Herein we describe the first case of Sweet syndrome secondary to melioidosis. Case presentation A 53-year-old previously healthy Sri Lankan female presented with high-grade fever, painful oral ulcers, odynophagia and multiple bilateral cervical lymphadenopathies for 1 month. She also had a loss of appetite and weight. She had oral ulcers and bilateral blepharitis. Dermatological examination revealed multiple tender papules with a mamillated appearance and targetoid lesions with a yellowish centre over the face, upper trunk and upper limbs. She also had multiple tender subcutaneous nodules over the extensor aspect of upper limbs. Her inflammatory markers were significantly elevated. Aspirate from a submental lymph node abscess revealed the growth of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis antibody titer was > 10,240. The histology of the skin lesions of the face and left forearm showed a prominent neutrophilic infiltrate in the dermis and the morphological features were in favour of Sweet syndrome with panniculitis. She was started on intravenous meropenem 2 g daily and showed rapid clinical improvement with the disappearance of skin lesions as well as a reduction in inflammatory markers. Conclusion Sweet syndrome is an uncommon inflammatory disorder known to be associated with upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections, malignancies and the use of certain drugs. Melioidosis is an emerging infection with various cutaneous manifestations. This is the first case of melioidosis causing the secondary sweet syndrome. It emphasizes the importance of considering melioidosis as a potential aetiology in patients with Sweet syndrome.

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