scholarly journals PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
J. V. Cooke ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Abscess Formation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Septic Inflammation ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Sterile abscess formation in the dog is accompanied by a large increase in output of urinary nitrogen and also by a small but definite increase in the blood non-protein nitrogen. All this nitrogenous material of course is derived from body protein injury and autolysis. Septic inflammation in the dog (pleurisy, pneumonia, peritonitis, etc.) likewise shows a distinct rise in the blood non-protein nitrogen. This rise is not often so great as that frequently observed in the intoxication of intestinal obstruction. Many acute infections in man (septicemia, peritonitis, pneumonia, etc.) show a definite rise in the non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood; some cases show a very great rise above normal (over 100 mg. of non-protein nitrogen per 100 cc. of blood). There may be no anatomical change in the kidney beyond the familiar picture of cloudy swelling. This does not exclude the possibility of some transient functional derangement of the kidney epithelium. Certain obscure intoxications in man may show a considerable rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood, indicating a large amount of protein disintegration. These findings must be taken into account in any clinical analysis and interpretation of high non-protein nitrogen of the blood in pathological conditions.

scholarly journals PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Whipple ◽  
J. V. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Unit Dose ◽  
Nitrogen Elimination ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Proteose injections in dogs cause vomiting, diarrhea, temperature reactions, low blood pressure, prostration, and, after large doses, an excess of antithrombin with incoagulable blood. A single proteose injection, for example one-half a lethal dose, causes abrupt clinical reactions in a normal dog with apparent complete recovery within 24 to 48 hours. The nitrogen elimination curve in a fasting dog under such conditions shows a great rise in total urinary nitrogen. The apex of the curve usually falls during the second 24 hour period following the injection. This rise may be over 100 per cent increase above the mean base-line nitrogen level. It does not fall promptly to normal but declines slowly in 3 to 5 days or more toward the original base-line (Text-fig. 1). This speaks for a definite cell injury with destruction of considerable protein substance due to a single proteose injection. The disturbance of cell equilibrium is not rapidly or promptly restored to normal. A dog which has received previous proteose injections is partially immune or tolerant to subsequent injections of proteose. These dogs, as a rule, show less intense clinical reactions and less rise in the curve of nitrogen elimination following a unit dose of standard proteose as compared with normal or non-immune controls. The proteose used in these experiments was prepared as described from material obtained in cases of intestinal obstruction or of closed intestinal loops. These experiments explain the sharp rise in blood non-protein nitrogen which follows within a few hours the injection of a toxic proteose. They also point to the correct explanation of the high non-protein nitrogen of the blood found in intestinal obstruction or with closed intestinal loops.

scholarly journals PROTEIN METABOLISM AND PROTEIN RESERVES DURING ACUTE STERILE INFLAMMATION

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
W. A. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Adult dogs were given a proteinless diet plus casein, 80 calories/kilo, 0.4 gm. nitrogen/kilo/day. Sterile controlled inflammation was produced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine. The reaction is characterized by local swelling, induration, and abscess formation, terminated by rupture or incision after 3 to 5 days and by general reactions of malaise, fever, leucocytosis, and increased urinary nitrogen. For 3 to 6 days after turpentine the nitrogen intake was provided in seven experiments by amino acids given parenterally (a solution of the ten essential amino acids (Rose) plus glycine). A normal dog with a normal protein intake showed a negative nitrogen balance after turpentine—urinary nitrogen doubled even as in inflammation during fasting. A protein-depleted dog (low protein reserves produced by very low protein intake) given a normal protein intake after turpentine maintained nitrogen balance—urinary nitrogen rose only slightly. With a high (doubled) protein intake the depleted dog showed strongly positive balance. Normal dogs with high (doubled) protein intakes react to turpentine with doubled urinary nitrogen outputs on individual days and therefore are maintained in approximate nitrogen balance and weight balance. This end may be achieved equally well or better by oral feeding, when such is possible and absorption unimpaired. The increased nitrogen excretion after injury is again shown directly related to the state of body protein reserves. Increased catabolism not inhibition of anabolism best explains the excess urinary nitrogen. Protection during injury of valuable protein reserves appears possible through an adequate intake of protein nitrogen.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

1923 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Ileocecal Valve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Chlorine Ion

A study of the non-protein nitrogen, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, amino-acid nitrogen, sugar, and chlorides of the blood and the CO2-combining power of the plasma in normal dogs, and in dogs after different types of intestinal obstruction, is reported. Following ligation of the duodenum, ligation of the duodenum with gastroenterostomy, and ligation of the upper half of the ileum, a fall in chlorides and a rise in the non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood and in the CO2-combining power of the plasma occur. The uric acid, creatinine, amino-acid nitrogen, and sugar show no significant changes. The fundamental change is a fall in chlorides followed by an alkalosis. The degree of alkalosis depends upon the rate of formation of carbonate, rate of excretion by the kidneys, and extent of neutralization of the carbonate by acid bodies formed during the intoxication. The fall in chlorides is probably due to a utilization of the chlorine ion in the course of the intoxication. It is suggested that this use of chlorine is a protective measure on the part of the body. There are indications that high intestinal obstruction should not be treated by the administration of alkalies. The urea nitrogen is a good index of the protein destruction. Ligation of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is followed by little increase in nitrogen and no change in the chlorides or CO2-combining power of the plasma. The close similarity of the blood findings in intestinal obstruction, acute lobar pneumonia, and serum disease suggests that these widely different conditions may have a common chemical basis.

scholarly journals PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Whipple ◽  
Donald D. Van Slyke
Keyword(s):  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Acute Intoxication ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
End Products

The acute intoxication following an injection of a toxic proteose is usually associated with a large increase (40 per cent or more) in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood. This increase is found chiefly in the blood urea nitrogen, but the amino and peptide nitrogens also may show small increases. The changes observed in the blood non-protein nitrogen are identical with those which follow the feeding of large amounts of meat (8). These facts indicate that the proteose intoxication causes an abnormally rapid autodigestion of tissue proteins, but that the nitrogenous end-products are, in chief part at least, the same that result from normal catabolism of food proteins. There is no evidence that the autolytic products play any part in causing the intoxication. The possibility of such a part and a resultant vicious circle is not excluded, but from the available facts the autolysis appears more as a result rather than cause of the intoxication. It appears possible that in disease or intoxication tissue catabolism may be enormously accelerated and yet yield the end-products of normal protein metabolism.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL FINDINGS IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER CLOSED-LOOP OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Closed Loops

The chemical findings in the blood of 6 dogs with closed-loop obstruction of the upper jejunum are reported. The duration of life with closed loops is less than with simple obstruction. All animals showed a marked rise in non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen, and fall in chlorides. Usually the C02 combining power of the plasma is increased. The findings in closed-loop obstruction are essentially the same as in simple intestinal obstruction.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL DEHYDRATION: CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG CONTRASTED WITH THOSE FOLLOWING OBSTRUCTION OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Urea Nitrogen

A comparative chemical study of the blood and the urine of the dog with experimental dehydration and with obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach is reported. The average duration of life is slightly longer with dehydration than with obstruction. The urine output per kilo of body weight is almost twice as great in dehydration as with obstruction. The increase in non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen is much the same in the two groups although somewhat more marked with obstruction. The chlorides of the blood are markedly increased with dehydration and slightly decreased with obstruction. The increase in fibrinogen and total protein is twice as great with obstruction as with dehydration. These findings indicate that there must be some factor or factors in addition to dehydration producing the toxemia of cardiac obstruction.

Resistance training reduces whole-body protein turnover and improves net protein retention in untrained young males

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Hartman ◽  
Daniel R. Moore ◽  
Stuart M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Net Protein ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

It is thought that resistance exercise results in an increased need for dietary protein; however, data also exists to support the opposite conclusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of resistance exercise training on protein metabolism in novices with the hypothesis that resistance training would reduce protein turnover and improve whole-body protein retention. Healthy males (n = 8, 22 ± 1 y, BMI = 25.3 ± 1.8 kg·m–2) participated in a progressive whole-body split routine resistance-training program 5d/week for 12 weeks. Before (PRE) and after (POST) the training, oral [15N]-glycine ingestion was used to assess nitrogen flux (Q), protein synthesis (PS), protein breakdown (PB), and net protein balance (NPB = PS – PB). Macronutrient intake was controlled over a 5d period PRE and POST, while estimates of protein turnover and urinary nitrogen balance (Nbal = Nin – urine Nout) were conducted. Bench press and leg press increased 40% and 50%, respectively (p < 0.01). Fat- and bone-free mass (i.e., lean muscle mass) increased from PRE to POST (2.5 ± 0.8 kg, p < 0.05). Significant PRE to POST decreases (p <0.05) occurred in Q (0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 g N·kg–1·d–1), PS (4.6 ± 0.7 vs. 2.9 ± 0.3 g·kg–1·d–1), and PB (4.3 ± 0.7 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2 g·kg–1·d–1). Significant training-induced increases in both NPB (PRE = 0.22 ± 0.13 g·kg–1·d–1; POST = 0.54 ± 0.08 g·kg–1·d–1) and urinary nitrogen balance (PRE = 2.8 ± 1.7 g N·d–1; POST = 6.5 ± 0.9 g N·d–1) were observed. A program of resistance training that induced significant muscle hypertrophy resulted in reductions of both whole-body PS and PB, but an improved NPB, which favoured the accretion of skeletal muscle protein. Urinary nitrogen balance increased after training. The reduction in PS and PB and a higher NPB in combination with an increased nitrogen balance after training suggest that dietary requirements for protein in novice resistance-trained athletes are not higher, but lower, after resistance training.

scholarly journals Use of BUN and MUN as Guides for Protein and Energy Supplementation in Cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Relative Deficiency

<p>As an adjunct to monitoring body weight changes and body condition score, blood or milk urea nitrogen (BUN or MUN) can be a useful tool for monitoring the protein­energy status of cattle. In healthy beef cows or finishing steers, urea nitrogen concentrations of less than about 7 mg/dL would indicate a deficiency of dietary protein (nitrogen) relative to the intake of digestible energy. In rapidly growing cattle or high producing dairy cows, urea nitrogen concentrations of less than about 15 mg/dL indicate a relative deficiency of dietary protein. Urea nitrogen concentrations of greater than 19 to 20 mg/dL have been associated with reduced conception and pregnancy rates in dairy cows.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Uso de niveles de nitrógeno uréico en sangre (BUN) y leche (MUN) como guía para la suplementación protéica y energética en bovinos</strong></p><p>Además de las mediciones tradicionales de cambios en el peso y la condición corporal, los niveles de nitrógeno uréico en sangre (BUN) o en leche (MUN) pueden utilizarse como herramientas para estimar el estado de la nutrición energético-proteínica del ganado. En vacas y novillos sanos, las concentraciones de nitrógeno uréico por debajo de 7 mg/ dL indican deficiencias de proteína (nitrógeno) en la dieta con relación al consumo de energía digestible. En el ganado vacuno de rápido crecimiento o las vacas lecheras de alta producción, las concentraciones de nitrógeno uréico menores de 15 mg/ dL señalan una deficiencia relativa de proteína en la dieta. Las concentraciones de nitrógeno uréico mayores de 19 a 20 mg/dL, se han asociado con una reducción de las tasas de concepción y preñez en vacas lecheras.</p>

scholarly journals CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER PYLORIC OBSTRUCTION

1923 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Pyloric Obstruction ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
High Intestinal Obstruction

Chemical studies of the blood and urine of four dogs following pyloric obstruction are reported. The observations of other workers that a fall in chlorides and a rise in CO2-combining power of the plasma occur, are confirmed. There is also a marked rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood, consisting mainly of urea nitrogen and undetermined nitrogen. The fall in chlorides is not due to the loss of chlorides in the gastric juice. The chlorine is probably bound somewhere in the process of protein destruction. There is a close relation between the fall in chlorides and the protein destruction. A study of tetany should include the protein metabolism as well as that of the inorganic salts, since it seems possible that the tetany is due to protein split-products and not to the alkalosis. The chemical changes following pyloric obstruction are essentially the same as those following high intestinal obstruction.

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