scholarly journals AN IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDY OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ

1915 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Wollstein
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Immunological Study ◽  
Supernatant Fluid ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Pathogenic Effect ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clear Supernatant

Influenza bacilli isolated from various pathological processes in man differ widely in pathogenic power for animals, especially rabbits. While the cultures derived from the leptomeninges and blood, and rarely from the pneumonic lung are pathogenic, those generally derived from the respiratory tract exhibit little or no virulence for rabbits. The two types of cultures as indicated by virulence for animals do not differ in kind, but only in degree, in relation to the serological tests of agglutination, complement deviation, and opsonification. The two types of cultures do, however, differ with respect to their ability to undergo autolysis. While the virulent cultures autolyze almost completely, yielding a turbid supernatant fluid and little sediment, the non-virulent cultures give rise to an abundant sediment and a clear supernatant fluid. The non-virulent cultures incite far less antibody production in rabbits. Hence, rabbits inoculated with non-virulent strains yield sera possessing low antibody content. Conversely, rabbits inoculated with virulent strains yield sera possessing a higher content of antibody. In keeping with and possibly because of the low antibody content of the sera of rabbits inoculated with the non-pathogenic strains, the rabbits so treated are not, as a rule, protected against subsequent inoculation with virulent strains. Influenza bacilli therefore vary in pathogenic effect both for man and animals, but they are not distinguishable by means of serological reactions into different types. Apparently all influenza bacilli belong to one class or race irrespective of origin or virulence.

scholarly journals Streptococcus Mucosus Lyticus

1932 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-282
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Dudgeon ◽  
D. C. L. Derry
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Clot Formation ◽  
Supernatant Fluid ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Small Doses

1. Seven strains of Strept. mucosus are described which have the following characteristics: large “mucous” colonies on serum agar and other media referred to in the text, with a subsequent particular form of lysis; no growth occurred on gelatin at 22° C., although the organisms were still viable on this medium after 10 days at this temperature; inulin was fermented and milk acidified without any clot formation; the organisms were only partially soluble in bile.2. All our strains were isolated from patients suffering from acute infections of the respiratory tract.3. Inflammatory and suppurative lesions were produced in rabbits and guinea-pigs by inoculation of the live organisms.4. Vaccines may prove highly toxic when injected subcutaneously even in small doses into patients suffering from these infections.5. Immune sera containing precipitins were formed in rabbits inoculated with the live organisms, but not when filtered toxins or dead cultures were employed.6. Precipitin antigens were obtained by high-speed centrifugalisation of serum-broth cultures until the supernatant fluid was glass clear, and from centrifugalised suspensions in saline from egg cultures, but after filtration of the cultures through a Seitz filter or Berkefeld V candle the filtrates were inert.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9-based Antibody Production in Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bareera Zahoor ◽  
Ummara Waheed ◽  
Shan Saeed ◽  
Fatima Gulzar ◽  
Hira Tasleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transient Expression ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Eukaryotic Expression ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Eukaryotic Expression System ◽  
Transient Expression System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Nowadays demand of antibody production is increased to cure different diseases including diabetes, hepatitis and cancer. For that different types of systems are used for the expression of antibody production. But these were not improved the antibody production. Plant cells have several benefits in comparison with other eukaryotic cells if it is considered as eukaryotic expression system. As compared to the human cell or other microorganisms, the plant cell is safe and decrease the contamination of antibody production. In addition, plants perform proper post-translational modification as a eukaryotic expression system. But recently, transient expression system is used due to the safe and improve the quality and quantity of antibody production. In transient expression system agroinfiltration method are mostly used. The main issue in antibody production is purification. Because in downstream process antibody is degraded due to the physical and chemical stresses. These issues can be solved with the help of CRISPR/Cas9. Plant antibody can be tagged with the help of CRISPR/Cas9. This review encompasses the applications of CRISPR technology for producing plant-based antibodies.

On the effect of Urzols on the connective tissue of the eyes (based on a survey of workers at Kazan Fur Factory No. 2)

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1073-1077
Author(s):  
M. N. Miloslavskaya
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Respiratory Tract Diseases ◽  
Different Types

Harmful effect of Urzene on human body is confirmed by many observations. Workers employed in the fur industry, where different types of Urzene are used for dyeing furs, have skin diseases in the form of eczema and respiratory tract diseases in the form of rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis and asthma.

Rubbone

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-626
Author(s):  
H. P. Stevens ◽  
W. H. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
White Spirit ◽  
Physical Change ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Reduced Viscosity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Supernatant Solution ◽  
Clear Supernatant

Abstract Of all the reactions which natural rubber undergoes, oxidation next to vulcanization, may be said to rank in the first place. For not only does the life and usefulness of all raw and vulcanized rubber depend on the course of this reaction, but attempts to create useful oxides may be regarded as based on the same reaction. It has already been shown that, by the catalytic oxidation of rubber, solutions of greatly reduced viscosity and/or increased concentration are obtainable. Thus, a 50 per cent solution of rubber which will flow at normal temperatures can be made by incorporating 2.5 per cent of cobalt linoleate on the mill, subsequently “letting down” in white spirit or other solvent by means of an internal type of mixer. The mechanism of the oxidation of rubber is a complex and still incompletely solved problem, but a reasonably acceptable explanation of this reduction in viscosity is that it is due to a disaggregation of the rubber micelle, whereby a very small amount of chemically combined oxygen is enabled to effect a very large physical change in the character of the colloid. This change is promoted by catalysts, such as the ordinary paint driers, and there appears to exist an analogy between the drying of paint and the disaggregation of rubber solutions, but it is interesting to note that whereas copper soaps have substantially no effect on the drying of linseed oil, they do reduce the viscosity of rubber solutions appreciably. Solutions of rubber containing catalysts have been “blown” by bubbling air, oxygen or ozonized air through them while maintained at raised temperatures by suitable means. The experiments covered a great variety of conditions, including different solvents, different types and concentrations of rubber and catalyst, mixed catalysts and a variety of temperatures and blowing conditions. It was found that under suitable conditions the oxidation of the rubber could be taken to a stage where the cobalt linoleate itself became oxidized and was precipitated from the solution. After filtering, the resulting solutions were evaporated to yield an oxidized rubber resin. A standard procedure has been developed for the production of this rubber resin, or “Rubbone” as it is conveniently termed, as follows. A solution of milled blanket crepe in white spirit is made by dissolving 20 parts by weight of rubber in 80 parts by weight of solvent, adding 0.5 part of cobalt linoleate, and aerating at 80°C. until a sample drawn off from the bulk shows a quick separation of sediment and a clear supernatant solution of the resin. The solution is clarified by “tanking” or centrifuging and is then distilled by steam or in vacuo to separate the resin.

scholarly journals Immune responsiveness to inhaled antigens: local antibody production in the respiratory tract in health and lung diseases

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. YOSHIZAWA ◽  
Y. OHTANI ◽  
T. INOUE ◽  
S. MIYAKE ◽  
A. IKEDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Immune Responsiveness

scholarly journals Haemophilus parasuis and Glässer’s disease in pigs: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 168-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nedbalcova ◽  
P. Satran ◽  
Z. Jaglic ◽  
R. Ondriasova ◽  
Z. Kucerova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High

Haemophilus parasuis is a common epiphyte of the upper respiratory tract of pigs. The factors of H. parasuis pathogenicity that enable some strains to be virulent and consequently cause a clinical disease have not been established yet. Fifteen serovars of H. parasuis have been described at present. Individual serovars differ in virulence, and considerable differences in virulence also exist within each serovar. Virulent strains can particularly participate as microorganisms secondary to pneumonia, cause septicaemia without polyserositis or Glässer’s disease characterized by polyserositis, pericarditis, arthritis and meningitis. Clinical symptoms of this disease are highly variable. Therefore, culture detection of causative agent, particularly from the brain, joints and polyserositis is an essential diagnostic tool. The disease caused by H. parasuis can be treated with antibiotics; however, oral or parenteral administration of very high doses of antibiotics is necessary. The level of animal hygiene and animal husbandry are important factors for prevention of this disease. Commercial or autogenous vaccines can be used in the immunoprophylaxis of pre-parturient sows and their progeny after weaning. For the production of autogenous vaccines, it is most effective to use isolates from animals with lesions present in CNS. Isolates recovered from arthritic and systemic sites of infection are less suitable and isolates recovered from lungs are not suitable at all because of their heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Profiling of different types of human respiratory tract cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 Highlight an unique Role for Inflammatory and Interferon Response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghui Yang ◽  
Luping Lei ◽  
Qiumei Cao ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Different Types

AbstractThe emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) at the end of 2019 has caused a large global outbreak and now become a major public health issue. Lack of data underlying how the human host interacts with SARS-CoV-2 virus. In the current study, We performed Venn-analysis, Gene ontology (GO), KEGG pathway analysis and Protein-protein interaction analysis of whole transcriptome studies with the aim of clarifying the genes and pathways potentially altered during human respiratory tract cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. We selected four studies through a systematic search of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database or published article about SARS-CoV-2 infection in different types of respiratory tract cells. We found 36 overlapping upregulated genes among different types of cells after viral infection. Further functional enrichment analysis revealed these DEGs are most likely involved in biological processes related to inflammatory response and response to cytokine, cell component related to extracellular space and I-kappaB/NF-kappaB complex, molecular function related to protein binding and cytokine activity. KEGG pathways analysis highlighted altered conical and casual pathways related to TNF, NF-kappa B, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and IL17 signaling pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection with CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, CXCL10, IL32, CX3CL1, CCL20, IRF1, NFKB2 and NFKB1A up-regulated which may explain the inflammatory cytokine storms associated with severe cases of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Electroencephalographic abnormalities and imaging profile of neurocysticercosis: analysis of 60 cases in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 944
Author(s):  
Kumar Saurabh ◽  
Neelam Verma ◽  
Shilpi Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Contrast Administration ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Solitary Lesion ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Computed Tomographic Scan ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

Background: To study the electroencephalographic abnormalities and imaging profile of 60 children suffering from neurocysticercosis at a tertiary care centre over a period of two years.Methods: A diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis was made mainly on the basis of clinical features, imaging studies and serological tests. Patients were evaluated for different types of abnormalities on electroencephalogram (EEG) of their brains. This study group was subsequently evaluated for nature, type and site of lesion on computed tomographic scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of brain.Results: 28 (57.14%) cases had abnormal EEG finding in which nonspecific background changes was the commonest abnormalities. Solitary lesion (71.66%) were most common type of lesion. Parietal lobe was most common affected lobe followed by frontal lobe (18.6%). Transitional lesion (71.66%) in the form of ring enhancement following contrast administration was the prominent nature of lesion.Conclusions: Electroencephalographic abnormalities are not directly related to site and type of involvement. Parietal lobe was the most common affected lobe probably due to middle cerebral artery involvement.

scholarly journals Effect of the media on morphology of Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr isolates and their Vegetative Compatibility Groups

2015 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Gabriella Kovács ◽  
László Radócz
Keyword(s):  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Infested Area ◽  
Chestnut Blight Fungus ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media

The most dangerous pathogen for the European and American chestnuts is the blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr. Short after its introduction a big number of chestnut trees were destroyed on the infested area. The control could be really complicated, because of the numerous vegetative compatibility groups of the fungus. There is a type that carries a mycovirus viz. hypovirus in the cytoplasm. We are able to control effectively this pathogen by using mycovirus-carrying strains (called hypovirulent fungal strains also). In laboratory it is easy to multiply the virulent and the hypovirulent strains of the fungus but do not easy to differentiate colonies visually on simple PDA medium. During our research, we tested different types of media, based on potato and chestnut bark extract respectively. It was observed that on potato medium the virulent strains produce more orange pigments. So it is more easy to differentiate virulent or hypovirulent isolates of chestnut blight fungus based on colony colour and morphology.

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