scholarly journals THE ACTION OF ETHYLHYDROCUPREIN (OPTOCHIN) ON TYPE STRAINS OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, AND ON SOME OTHER MICROORGANISMS IN VITRO

1915 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry F. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Protective Action ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Streptococcus Group ◽  
Quinine Hydrochloride ◽  
The One ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Type Strains

1. Ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride in very high dilution inhibits the growth of, and in 18 hours kills, representatives of all four groups of pneumococci in vitro. The killing effect is generally seen in somewhat lower dilutions than the inhibiting effect. No constant or considerable difference is seen in these actions on representatives of the four groups of the pneumococci. The action of ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride on the pneumococci in vitro is so strongly specific that it may possibly be used as a test for a true pneumococcus. 2. The inhibitory or killing effects of ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride in vitro on bacteria other than pneumococci are slight or absent. The effects are greater on streptococci than on any other organisms examined, but are still much less than on the pneumococci. This action distinguishes between the streptococcus group, including Streptococcus mucosus sometimes found in normal mouths, on the one hand, and the true pneumococcus (including Pneumococcus mucosus), on the other. 3. Quinine hydrochloride inhibits the growth of, and kills the pneumococcus in vitro; much stronger concentrations, however, are necessary than in the case of ethylhydrocuprein. This effect of quinine hydrochloride is also seen on other organisms, but in a less degree. 4. Ethylhydrocuprein (optochin base) has a well marked protective action against experimental pneumococcal infection in mice in the case of type strains of all four groups of pneumococci; this protective action may be efficient against many multiples of the minimum lethal dose.

scholarly journals A SPECIFIC POISON IN THE LIVER EXTRACTS OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH TYPHOID AND PRODIGIOSUS BACILLI INTRAVENOUSLY

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-583
Author(s):  
Julia T. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Lethal Doses

1. The livers of rabbits inoculated with cultures of Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus under certain conditions contain a toxic substance extractable with salt solution. When the toxic extracts are injected intravenously into normal rabbits the latter animals develop symptoms resembling those of anaphylactic shock and succumb. The lethal doses of the toxic extracts are far smaller than those of normal liver extract. 2. The livers of rabbits injected with typhoid antigen also yield a toxic extract. 3. Boiling as well as filtration through a Berkefeld filter only partially detoxicates the extract. 4. Tolerance to one to two lethal doses of the poisonous extracts can be induced by cautious immunization. 5. Rabbits actively immunized to Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus usually resist one lethal dose of the homologous liver poison; and animals tolerant to the typhoid liver poison resist one minimum lethal dose at least of Bacillus typhosus. 6. Typhoid immune serum is not detoxicating either in vivo or in vitro for the typhoid liver poison. 7. The liver poisons are specific, since rabbits actively immunized to either Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus withstand at least one minimum lethal dose of the homologous but not of the heterologous-liver poisons.

scholarly journals Antiplasmodial Activity of Aryltetralone Lignans from Holostylis reniformis

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 2346-2350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter F. de Andrade-Neto ◽  
Tito da Silva ◽  
Lucia M. Xavier Lopes ◽  
Virgílio E. do Rosário ◽  
Fernando de Pilla Varotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Hepatic Cell ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose

ABSTRACT Extracts from Holostylis reniformis were tested in vivo against Plasmodium berghei and in vitro against a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The hexane extract of the roots was the most active, causing 67% reduction of parasitemia in vivo. From this extract, six lignans, including a new (7′R,8S,8′S)-3′,4′-methylenedioxy-4,5-dimethoxy-2,7′-cyclolignan-7-one, were isolated and tested in vitro against P. falciparum. The three most active lignans showed 50% inhibitor concentrations of ≤0.32 μM. An evaluation of minimum lethal dose (30%) values showed low toxicity for these lignans in a hepatic cell line (Hep G2A16). Therefore, these compounds are potential candidates for the development of antimalarial drugs.

Action of Lysolecithin on Blood Platelets

1963 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 512-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chava Kirschmann ◽  
Sara Aloof ◽  
Andre de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Platelet Surface ◽  
Washed Platelet ◽  
Sufficient Concentration ◽  
Saline Medium

SummaryLysolecithin is adsorbed to washed blood platelets and, at sufficient concentration, lyses them, inhibits their clot-retracting activity and promotes their thromboplastin-generating activity. Lysolecithin adsorption to the platelet was studied by using P32-labelled lysolecithin obtained from the liver of rats injected with labelled orthophosphate. The amount of lysolecithin adsorbed to the surface of the washed platelet in saline medium is dependent on the concentration of lysolecithin in solution and reaches saturation — 5 × 10-8 jig per platelet — at a concentration of 9—10 µg per ml. Platelet lysis in saline medium begins at a lysolecithin concentration higher than 18 jig per ml. Plasma and albumin prevent adsorption of lysolecithin to the platelet and protect the platelet from damage by lysolecithin. Albumin is able to remove previously adsorbed lysolecithin from the platelet surface. The protective action of plasma explains the lack of platelet damage in blood, the plasma lecithin of which has been converted to lysolecithin by the action of Vipera palestinae venom phosphatidase, in vitro and in vivo.

Hepato- and Nephroprotective Effects of the Polyphenol Concentrate From Cabernet Sauvignon Grape Varieties Cultivated in Kazakhstan in the Experimental Model Of CCL4-Induced Toxicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurgozhin T. ◽  
Sergazy S. H. ◽  
Adilgozhina G. ◽  
Gulyayev A. ◽  
Shulgau Z. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Antioxidant Stress

Objective:This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect and the antioxidant role of polyphenol concentrate in the experimental model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity. Methods: Antioxidant activity of Cabernet Sauvignon grape polyphenol were evaluated by radical scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+). In addition, the effects of polyphenol concentrate on the survival of Wistar rats in the toxicity model, was also investigated. The polyphenol concentrate was administered for 5 five days prior to injection of carbon tetrachloride in a sub-lethal dose of 300 mg/kg of animal body weight in order to perform histological examinations of the liver and kidney, and detect the levels of AST, ALT and bilirubin. Results: Administration of polyphenol concentrate increased animal survival in the experimental model. Moreover, the intragastric administration of polyphenol concentrate prior to the initiation of the experimental model of toxicity, which was caused by a sub-lethal CCl4 dose, reduced morphological injuries in the liver and kidney, decreased the AST and ALT levels of the blood serum. Discussion and conclusion: Our data demonstrate that polyphenol concentrate possesses an antioxidant potential both in vitro and in vivo by reducing antioxidant stress that was caused by CCl4 administration into rats.

Natural Anti-inflammatory compounds as Drug candidates in Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyaz Hassan Mir ◽  
Abdul Jalil Shah ◽  
Roohi Mohi-ud-din ◽  
Faheem Hyder Potoo ◽  
Mohd. Akbar Dar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by memory impairment, dementia, oxidative stress in elderly people. Currently, only a few drugs are available in the market with various adverse effects. So to develop new drugs with protective action against the disease, research is turning to the identification of plant products as a remedy. Natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity could be good candidates for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Phytochemicals including Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, Huperzine-A, Rosmarinic acid, genistein, obovatol, and Oxyresvertarol were reported molecules for the treatment of AD. Several alkaloids such as galantamine, oridonin, glaucocalyxin B, tetrandrine, berberine, anatabine have been shown anti-inflammatory effects in AD models in vitro as well as in-vivo. In conclusion, natural products from plants represent interesting candidates for the treatment of AD. This review highlights the potential of specific compounds from natural products along with their synthetic derivatives to counteract AD in the CNS.

In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralizing Activity of Uvaria chamae Leaves Fractions on the Venom of Naja nigricollis in Albino Rat and Bovine Blood

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-311
Author(s):  
Ada Gabriel ◽  
Mamman Mohammed ◽  
Mohammed G. Magaji ◽  
Yusuf P. Ofemile ◽  
Ameh P. Matthew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Aqueous Residue

Background: Snakebite envenomation is a global priority ranked top among other neglected tropical diseases. There is a folkloric claim that Uvaria chamae is beneficial for the management of snakebite and wounds in African ethnobotanical surveys. Besides, there are many registered patents asserting the health benefits of U. chamae. Objective: This study aimed to investigate U. chamae’s potentials and identify candidates for the development of tools for the treatment and management of N. nigricollis envenomation. Methods: Freshly collected U. chamae leaves were air-dried, powdered, and extracted in methanol. The median lethal dose of the extract was determined and further fractionated with n-hexane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate. Each fraction was tested for neutralizing effect against venom-induced haemolytic, fibrinolytic, hemorrhagic, and cytotoxic activities. Results: U. chamae fractions significantly (p<0.05) neutralized the haemolytic activity of N. nigricollis venom in n-butanol; 31.40%, n-hexane; 33%, aqueous residue; 39.60% and ethyl acetate; 40.70% at the concentration of 100mg/ml of each fraction against 10mg/ml of the snake venom when compared to the positive control. The fibrinolytic activity of N. nigricollis venom was significantly (p<0.05) neutralized in n-hexane at 73.88%, n-butanol; 72.22% and aqueous residue; 72.22% by the fractions of U. chamae. In addition, haemorrhagic activity of N. nigricollis venom was significantly (p<0.05) neutralized by U. chamae fractions at the concentrations of 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 400mg/ml except for n-butanol and aqueous residues at 400 mg/ml. Conclusion: U. chamae leaves fractions possess a high level of protection against N. nigricollis venoms-induced lethality and thus validate the pharmacological rationale for its usage in the management of N. nigricollis envenomation.

Effect of microbial isolates on microbial yield estimation in RUSITEC system

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 306-308
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Culture System ◽  
The One

The estimation of rumen microbial protein synthesis is one of the main points in the nitrogen (N)-rationing systems for ruminants, as microbial protein provides proportionately 0.4 to 0.9 of amino acids entering the small intestine in ruminants receiving conventional diets (Russell et al., 1992). Methods of estimating microbial protein synthesis rely on marker techniques in which a particular microbial constituent is related to the microbial N content. Marker : N values have generally been established in mixed bacteria isolated from the liquid fraction of rumen digesta and it has been assumed that the same relationship holds in the total population leaving the rumen (Merry and McAllan, 1983). However, several studies have demonstrated differences in composition between solid-associated (SAB) and fluid-associated bacteria in vivo (Legay-Carmier and Bauchart, 1989) and in vitro (Molina Alcaide et al, 1996), as well in marker : N values (Pérez et al., 1996). This problem could be more pronounced in the in vitro semi-continuous culture system RUSITEC, in which there are three well defined components (a free liquid phase, a liquid phase associated with the solid phase and a solid phase), each one having associated microbial populations.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of using different bacterial isolates (BI) on the estimation of microbial production of four different diets in RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977), using (15NH4)2 SO4 as microbial marker, and to assess what effects any differences would have on the comparison of microbial protein synthesis between diets.This study was conducted in conjunction with an in vitro experiment described by Carro and Miller (1997). Two 14-day incubation trials were carried out with the rumen simulation technique RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977). The general incubation procedure was the one described by Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977) and more details about the procedures of this experiment are given elsewhere (Carro and Miller, 1997).

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Treating Severe Pneumococcal Infection Using a Mouse Model

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 806-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikkol Melnick ◽  
Gowrisankar Rajam ◽  
George M. Carlone ◽  
Jacquelyn S. Sampson ◽  
Edwin W. Ades
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
Opsonophagocytic Killing

ABSTRACT P4, a 28-amino-acid peptide, is a eukaryotic cellular activator that enhances specific in vitro opsonophagocytic killing of multiple bacterial pathogens. In a previous study, we successfully recreated this phenomenon in mice in vivo by using a two-dose regimen of P4 and pathogen-specific antibodies, which significantly reduced moribundity in mice. For the present study, we hypothesized that the inclusion of a low-dose antibiotic would make it possible to treat the infected mice with a single dose containing a mixture of P4 and a pathogen-specific antibody. A single dose consisting of P4, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and ceftriaxone effectively reduced moribundity compared to that of untreated controls (n = 10) by 75% (P < 0.05) and rescued all (10 of 10) infected animals (P < 0.05). If rescued animals were reinfected with Streptococcus pneumoniae and treated with a single dose containing P4, IVIG, and ceftriaxone, they could be rerescued. This observation of the repeated successful use of P4 combination therapy demonstrates a low risk of tolerance development. Additionally, we examined the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) derived from infected mice and observed that P4 enhanced in vitro opsonophagocytic killing (by >80% over the control level; P < 0.05). This finding supports our hypothesis that PMN are activated by P4 during opsonophagocytosis and the recovery of mice from pneumococcal infection. P4 peptide-based combination therapy may offer an alternative and rapid immunotherapy to treat fulminant pneumococcal infection.

scholarly journals Human Recombinant Fab Fragment Neutralizes Shiga Toxin Type 2 Cytotoxic Effects in vitro and in vivo

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Luz ◽  
Maria Amaral ◽  
Flavia Sacerdoti ◽  
Alan Bernal ◽  
Wagner Quintilio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Fab Fragment ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Viability Assay

Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is responsible for causing hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure after bacterially induced hemorrhagic diarrhea. Until now, there has been neither an effective treatment nor method of prevention for the deleterious effects caused by Stx intoxication. Antibodies are well recognized as affinity components of therapeutic drugs; thus, a previously obtained recombinant human FabC11:Stx2 fragment was used to neutralize Stx2 in vitro in a Vero cell viability assay. Herein, we demonstrated that this fragment neutralized, in a dose-dependent manner, the cytotoxic effects of Stx2 on human glomerular endothelial cells, on human proximal tubular epithelial cells, and prevented the morphological alterations induced by Stx2. FabC11:Stx2 protected mice from a lethal dose of Stx2 by toxin-antibody pre-incubation. Altogether, our results show the ability of a new encouraging molecule to prevent Stx-intoxication symptoms during STEC infection.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SNAKE ANTIVENOM ACTIVITY OF TAMARINDUS INDICA SEED COAT EXTRACT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 489-497
Author(s):  
Priyanka D. Mundhe ◽  
◽  
Balasaheb S. Pawade ◽  
Indrasen G. Waykar ◽  
Innus K. Shaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tamarindus Indica

Snakebite is a life-threatening medical emergency, and globally responsible for millions of deaths. In snakebites accidents only deaths are not a concern, it leads to more morbidities. Due to scanty healthcare facilities in rural areas of India, many people seek alternative treatment available in ethnic practices. Tamarindus Indica (TI) plant is rich in medicinal value and used to treat many diseases including snakebite treatment traditionally. In view of this TI seed coat extract (TISCE) was evaluated for antivenom activity. The phytochemical screening of TISCE was performed to understand its chemical composition. TISCE was evaluated for antivenom activity against Indian cobra venom (ICV), common krait venom (CKV), Russells viper venom (RVV), and saw-scaled viper venom (SCV) for phospholipase A2 (PLA-2), haemorrhagic in vitro and in vivo, procoagulant, proteolytic activity, and lethality studies. TISCE majorly contains saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. Minimum indirect haemorrhagic dose (MIHD) observed for ICV (12.5 µg), CKV (5.0 µg),RVV (10.0 µg), and SVV (12.5 µg). TISCE inhibits the procoagulant activity of all venoms at a concentration of 18.0 µg. It also shows the neutralization of proteolytic enzymes of venom in a dose-dependent manner. A pre-incubated mixture containing five lethal dose 50 (LD50) of venom and TISCE was injected intravenously, all mice survived as venom neutralized by TISCE. The present study demonstrates the ability of TISCE to neutralize snake venom using suitable in vivo and in vitro methods. Further studies required to unravelling the specific active chemical constituent of TISCE that may used as novel alternative snakebite treatment. TISCE was able to prolong the deaths during the simulation study and may be used in the topical pharmaceutical formulation that will reduce local venom reactions causing much morbidity, which will collectively with Anti-snake venom (ASV), used to treat envenomed patients more effectively.

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