scholarly journals Extracellular vesicle– and particle-mediated communication shapes innate and adaptive immune responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 218 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny A. Pelissier Vatter ◽  
Michele Cioffi ◽  
Samer J. Hanna ◽  
Ines Castarede ◽  
Simone Caielli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Regulatory Effects

Intercellular communication among immune cells is vital for the coordination of proper immune responses. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) act as messengers in intercellular communication, with important consequences for target cell and organ physiology in both health and disease. Under normal physiological conditions, immune cell–derived EVPs participate in immune responses by regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. EVPs play a major role in antigen presentation and immune activation. On the other hand, immune cell–derived EVPs exert immunosuppressive and regulatory effects. Consequently, EVPs may contribute to pathological conditions, such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, graft rejection, and cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we provide an overview of the role of EVPs in immune homeostasis and pathophysiology, with a particular focus on their contribution to innate and adaptive immunity and their potential use for immunotherapies.

scholarly journals Regulation of Antiviral Immune Response by N6-Methyladenosine of mRNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoxin Zhao ◽  
Weijie Wang ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Hongxiu Qiao ◽  
Zhiyun Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Host innate and adaptive immune responses play a vital role in clearing infected viruses. Meanwhile, viruses also evolve a series of mechanisms to weaken the host immune responses and evade immune defense. Recently, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent mRNA modification, has been revealed to regulate multiple steps of RNA metabolism, such as mRNA splicing, localization, stabilization, and translation, thus participating in many biological phenomena, including viral infection. In the process of virus–host interaction, the m6A modification that presents on the virus RNA impedes capture by the pattern recognition receptors, and the m6A modification appearing on the host immune-related molecules regulate interferon response, immune cell differentiation, inflammatory cytokine production, and other immune responses induced by viral infection. This review summarizes the research advances about the regulatory role of m6A modification in the innate and adaptive immune responses during viral infections.

scholarly journals Functional Roles of Syk in Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Su Yi ◽  
Young-Jin Son ◽  
Chongsuk Ryou ◽  
Gi-Ho Sung ◽  
Jong-Hoon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Biological Responses

Inflammation is a series of complex biological responses to protect the host from pathogen invasion. Chronic inflammation is considered a major cause of diseases, such as various types of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases and cancers. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) was initially found to be highly expressed in hematopoietic cells and has been known to play crucial roles in adaptive immune responses. However, recent studies have reported that Syk is also involved in other biological functions, especially in innate immune responses. Although Syk has been extensively studied in adaptive immune responses, numerous studies have recently presented evidence that Syk has critical functions in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and is closely related to innate immune response. This review describes the characteristics of Syk-mediated signaling pathways, summarizes the recent findings supporting the crucial roles of Syk in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and diseases, and discusses Syk-targeted drug development for the therapy of inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Signaling Through Nucleic Acid Sensors and Their Roles in Inflammatory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Okude ◽  
Daisuke Ori ◽  
Taro Kawai
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Sensor Molecules

Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is essential for eliciting antiviral immune responses by inducing the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Such responses are a prerequisite for mounting innate and pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses. However, host cells also use nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information, and the aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acids by PRRs is associated with the onset of autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of nucleic acid sensing by PRRs, including Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and DNA sensor molecules, and their signaling pathways as well as the disorders caused by uncontrolled or unnecessary activation of these PRRs.

scholarly journals The Roles of Alternative Splicing in Tumor-immune Cell Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 729-740
Author(s):  
Yue Wang ◽  
Honglei Zhang ◽  
Baowei Jiao ◽  
Jianyun Nie ◽  
Xiyin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Hematological Cancers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Antigens

Alternative splicing (AS) plays a significant role in the hallmarks of cancer and can provide neoantigens for immunotherapy. Here, we summarize recent advances in immune system associated tumor specific-antigens (TSAs) produced by AS. We further discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in AS-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses and the anti-tumoral and protumoral roles in different types of cancer. For example, ULBP1_RI, MLL5Δ21spe, NKp44-1Δ5, MHC-IΔ7, CD200SΔ1, 2, PVR α/β/γ/δ and IL-33 variants 1/2/3 act as regulators in solid tumors and IPAK4-L and, FOXP1ΔN100 exhibit functions in hematological cancers.

scholarly journals Phenotyping of Adaptive Immune Responses in Inflammatory Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Y. Humrich ◽  
Joana P. Bernardes ◽  
Ralf J. Ludwig ◽  
David Klatzmann ◽  
Alexander Scheffold
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Recent Developments

Immunophenotyping on the molecular and cellular level is a central aspect for characterization of patients with inflammatory diseases, both to better understand disease etiopathogenesis and based on this to develop diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers which allow patient stratification and tailor-made treatment strategies. Technology-driven developments have considerably expanded the range of analysis tools. Especially the analysis of adaptive immune responses, often regarded as central though mostly poorly characterized disease drivers, is a major focus of personalized medicine. The identification of the disease-relevant antigens and characterization of corresponding antigen-specific lymphocytes in individual patients benefits significantly from recent developments in cytometry by sequencing and proteomics. The aim of this workshop was to identify the important developments for state-of-the-art immunophenotyping for clinical application and precision medicine. We focused here on recent key developments in analysis of antigen-specific lymphocytes, sequencing, and proteomics approaches, their relevance in precision medicine and the discussion of the major challenges and opportunities for the future.

scholarly journals Inflammasome in Platelets: Allying Coagulation and Inflammation in Infectious and Sterile Diseases?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio D. Hottz ◽  
Ana Paula T. Monteiro ◽  
Fernando A. Bozza ◽  
Patrícia T. Bozza
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Coagulation Disorders ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Translation Machinery ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Activated Platelets

Platelets are crucial effector cells in hemostasis. In addition, platelets are increasingly recognized as major inflammatory cells with key roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Activated platelets have key thromboinflammatory activities linking coagulation to inflammatory response in a variety of coagulation disorders and vasculopathies. Recently identified inflammatory activities of platelets include the synthesis of IL-1βfrom spliced pre-RNA, as well as the presence and assembly of inflammasome which intermediate IL-1βsecretion. Here we review the mechanisms by which platelets activate translation machinery and inflammasome assembly to synthesize and release IL-1β. The contributions of these processes to protective and pathogenic responses during infectious and inflammatory diseases are discussed.

scholarly journals Involvement of Cathepsins in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Periodontitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xu Yan ◽  
Zhou Wu ◽  
Biyao Wang ◽  
Tianhao Yu ◽  
Yue Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Bone Destruction ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Periodontitis is an infectious disease whereby the chronic inflammatory process of the periodontium stimulated by bacterial products induces specific host cell responses. The activation of the host cell immune system upregulates the production of inflammatory mediators, comprising cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, which contribute to inflammation and bone destruction. It has been well known that periodontitis is related to systemic inflammation which links to numerous systemic diseases, including diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, periodontitis has been reported in association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the brain. Regarding immune responses and inflammation, cathepsin B (CatB) plays pivotal role for the induction of IL-1β, cathepsin K- (CatK-) dependent active toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, and cathepsin S (CatS) which involves in regulating both TLR signaling and maturation of the MHC class II complex. Notably, both the production and proteolytic activities of cathepsins are upregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. In the present review, we focus on the roles of cathepsins in the innate and adaptive immune responses within periodontitis. We believe that understanding the roles of cathepsins in the immune responses in periodontitis would help to elucidate the therapeutic strategies of periodontitis, thus benefit for reduction of systemic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases in the global aging society.

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