scholarly journals Keratinocytes produce IL-17c to protect peripheral nervous systems during human HSV-2 reactivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 214 (8) ◽  
pp. 2315-2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Peng ◽  
R. Savanh Chanthaphavong ◽  
Sijie Sun ◽  
James A. Trigilio ◽  
Khamsone Phasouk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Neurite Growth ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Primary Neurons ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathies ◽  
Specific Receptor ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Initial Target

Despite frequent herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation, peripheral nerve destruction and sensory anesthesia are rare. We discovered that skin biopsies obtained during asymptomatic human HSV-2 reactivation exhibit a higher density of nerve fibers relative to biopsies during virological and clinical quiescence. We evaluated the effects of HSV infection on keratinocytes, the initial target of HSV replication, to better understand this observation. Keratinocytes produced IL-17c during HSV-2 reactivation, and IL-17RE, an IL-17c–specific receptor, was expressed on nerve fibers in human skin and sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia. In ex vivo experiments, exogenous human IL-17c provided directional guidance and promoted neurite growth and branching in microfluidic devices. Exogenous murine IL-17c pretreatment reduced apoptosis in HSV-2–infected primary neurons. These results suggest that IL-17c is a neurotrophic cytokine that protects peripheral nerve systems during HSV reactivation. This mechanism could explain the lack of nerve damage from recurrent HSV infection and may provide insight to understanding and treating sensory peripheral neuropathies.

scholarly journals 4.7-T diffusion tensor imaging of acute traumatic peripheral nerve injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. E9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Boyer ◽  
Nathaniel D. Kelm ◽  
D. Colton Riley ◽  
Kevin W. Sexton ◽  
Alonda C. Pollins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Transection ◽  
Nerve Injuries

Diagnosis and management of peripheral nerve injury is complicated by the inability to assess microstructural features of injured nerve fibers via clinical examination and electrophysiology. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been shown to accurately detect nerve injury and regeneration in crush models of peripheral nerve injury, but no prior studies have been conducted on nerve transection, a surgical emergency that can lead to permanent weakness or paralysis. Acute sciatic nerve injuries were performed microsurgically to produce multiple grades of nerve transection in rats that were harvested 1 hour after surgery. High-resolution diffusion tensor images from ex vivo sciatic nerves were obtained using diffusion-weighted spin-echo acquisitions at 4.7 T. Fractional anisotropy was significantly reduced at the injury sites of transected rats compared with sham rats. Additionally, minor eigenvalues and radial diffusivity were profoundly elevated at all injury sites and were negatively correlated to the degree of injury. Diffusion tensor tractography showed discontinuities at all injury sites and significantly reduced continuous tract counts. These findings demonstrate that high-resolution DTI is a promising tool for acute diagnosis and grading of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries.

scholarly journals Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor in the Nasal Cavity of a Neonate: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132110141
Author(s):  
Xiufang Chi ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Haoming Yang ◽  
Cheng Xing ◽  
Jiamin Gan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Sheath Tumor ◽  
Rare Tumor ◽  
Nasal Mass ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
Nerve Sheath

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare tumor that can develop on the lining of nerves and within the network of nerve fibers in different organs, and it is commonly found in the head and neck, limbs, and trunk. These tumors can occur in patients of any age. They most commonly occur in adults aged 20 to 50 years; however, fewer cases of this tumor in children have been reported. To date, no neonatal case of MPNST in the nasal cavity has been reported. Here, we report the case of a 4-day-old female newborn who presented with a nasal mass that re-enlarged after surgery and was diagnosed as MPNST of the nasal cavity on the basis of pathological results. This is the first report of MPNST in the nasal cavity of a neonate. Differential diagnosis and treatment of nasal masses have been proposed in the related literature.

High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Median Nerve

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archie Heddings ◽  
Mehmet Bilgen ◽  
Randolph Nudo ◽  
Bruce Toby ◽  
Terence McIff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Protocols

Objectives. It is widely accepted that peripheral nerve repairs performed within 6 weeks of injury have much better outcomes than those performed at later dates. However, there is no diagnostic technique that can determine if a traumatic peripheral nerve injury requires surgical intervention in the early postinjury phase. The objective of this article was to determine whether novel, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging techniques could demonstrate the microstructure of human peripheral nerves that is necessary for determining prognosis and determining if surgery is indicated following traumatic injury. Methods. Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging protocols were developed on a 9.4-T research scanner using spin-echo proton density and gradient-echo imaging sequences and a specially designed, inductively coupled radio frequency coil. These imaging protocols were applied to in situ imaging of the human median nerve in 4 fresh-frozen cadaver arms. Results. Noninvasive high-resolution images of the human median nerve were obtained. Structures in the nerve that were observed included fascicles, interfascicular epineurium, perineurium, and intrafascicular septations. Conclusion. Application of these imaging techniques to clinical scanners could provide physicians with a tool that is capable of grading the severity of nerve injuries and providing indications for surgery in the early postinjury phase.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Imaging of Nociceptive Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers in Human Skin Biopsies

10.3791/50331 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline R. Dauch ◽  
Chelsea N. Lindblad ◽  
John M. Hayes ◽  
Stephen I. Lentz ◽  
Hsinlin T. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Three Dimensional Imaging ◽  
Skin Biopsies

scholarly journals Fast-spiking GABA circuit dynamics in the auditory cortex predict recovery of sensory processing following peripheral nerve damage

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Resnik ◽  
Daniel B Polley
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Damage ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Sound Processing

Cortical neurons remap their receptive fields and rescale sensitivity to spared peripheral inputs following sensory nerve damage. To address how these plasticity processes are coordinated over the course of functional recovery, we tracked receptive field reorganization, spontaneous activity, and response gain from individual principal neurons in the adult mouse auditory cortex over a 50-day period surrounding either moderate or massive auditory nerve damage. We related the day-by-day recovery of sound processing to dynamic changes in the strength of intracortical inhibition from parvalbumin-expressing (PV) inhibitory neurons. Whereas the status of brainstem-evoked potentials did not predict the recovery of sensory responses to surviving nerve fibers, homeostatic adjustments in PV-mediated inhibition during the first days following injury could predict the eventual recovery of cortical sound processing weeks later. These findings underscore the potential importance of self-regulated inhibitory dynamics for the restoration of sensory processing in excitatory neurons following peripheral nerve injuries.

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