scholarly journals Oral tolerance: is it all retinoic acid?

2007 ◽  
Vol 204 (8) ◽  
pp. 1737-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald von Boehmer
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Oral Tolerance ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Homing ◽  
Naïve T Cells

Oral tolerance has been argued to depend on “special” presentation of antigen in the gut. New studies support this idea by showing that the catalysis of vitamin A into retinoic acid (RA) in gut-associated dendritic cells (DCs) enhances the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β–dependent conversion of naive T cells into regulatory T (T reg) cells and also directs T reg cell homing to the gut. These results reveal new tolerance mechanisms that will aid the use of T reg cells in the clinic.

scholarly journals Retinoic acid can enhance conversion of naive into regulatory T cells independently of secreted cytokines

2009 ◽  
Vol 206 (10) ◽  
pp. 2131-2139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Nolting ◽  
Carolin Daniel ◽  
Sabine Reuter ◽  
Christina Stuelten ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Cell Conversion ◽  
Smad3 Expression

It has been reported that retinoic acid (RA) enhances regulatory T (T reg) cell conversion by inhibiting the secretion of cytokines that interfere with conversion. This report shows that these conclusions provide a partial explanation at best. First, RA not only interfered with cytokine secretion but also with the ability of these cytokines to inhibit T reg cell conversion of naive T cells. Furthermore, RA enhanced conversion even in the absence of inhibitory cytokines. The latter effect depended on the RA receptor α (RARα) but did not require Smad3, despite the fact that RA enhanced Smad3 expression. The RARα1 isoform was not essential for RA-dependent enhancement of transforming growth factor β–driven conversion, suggesting that conversion can also be mediated by RARα2. Interleukin (IL)-6 strongly reduced RARα expression levels such that a deficiency of the predominant RARα1 isoform leaves too little RARα2 for RA to inhibit the generation of Th17 cells in the presence of IL-6.

Transforming growth factor-β1 induces antigen-specific unresponsiveness in naive t cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Gilbert ◽  
Marilyn Thoman ◽  
Kimberley Bauche ◽  
Thuy Pham ◽  
William O. Weigle
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β1 ◽  
Naive T Cells ◽  
Naïve T Cells

scholarly journals Generation and function of immunosuppressive human and murine CD8+ T cells by transforming growth factor-β and retinoic acid

Immunology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Fleissner ◽  
Annika Frede ◽  
Markus Knott ◽  
Torben Knuschke ◽  
Robert Geffers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
And Function
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