scholarly journals THE RELATION OF THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT AND CONTENTS TO THE BODY-WEIGHT IN RABBITS

1914 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Effect of conceptus growth on the contents of the maternal gastrointestinal tract in ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Faichney ◽  
G. A. White ◽  
J. B. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Sigmoid Curve ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

SummaryMultiparous Corriedale ewes were maintained on a constant feed intake such that the body weight (i.e. live weight less gravid uterus) of single-bearing ewes at the end of gestation approximated their live weight at mating. The ewes were allocated to one of five groups, designated for slaughter at 0, 50, 90, 120 and 140 days of gestation. At slaughter, the gravid uterus was removed, weighed and its components dissected out and the contents of all sections of the gastro-intestinal tract were removed, weighed and sampled.Foetal growth was described by a Gompertz model. It was predicted that, at day 150, a twin foetus would have been 0·95 of the weight of a single foetus but this difference was not statistically significant. The foetal proportion of the gravid uterus followed a sigmoid curve during gestation to reach a predicted value of 0·60 at day 150. Predicted birth weights represented 10·4 and 18·6% of maternal body weight in single- and twin-bearing ewes.The digesta content of the rumen and of the whole gastro-intestinal tract was not significantly affected by gestation. However, there was a tendency for the values to decline to day 90, then increase during the last third of gestation. It was suggested that the decline was due to hormonal rather than direct physical effects. By contrast, the amounts of organic digesta constituents in the rumen descreased as gestation progressed (P < 0·01) indicating an effect of gestation on rumen propulsive activity.

Accretion of total protein and individual amino acids by organs and tissues of growing lambs and the ability of nitrogen balance techniques to quantitate protein retention

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacRae ◽  
A. Walker ◽  
D. Brown ◽  
G. E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

AbstractTwelve Suffolk-Finn Dorset lambs were reared from 25 to 40 or 25 to 55 kg body weight on either pelleted dried grass or a ration of pelleted grass plus barley (ratio 1:1) in a comparative slaughter experiment designed to determine the amounts of total nitrogen and individual amino acids accreted in different body components during growth. Nitrogen (N) balance measurements were determined frequently during this growth phase and accumulated N retentions were compared with the total N accretion determined by comparative slaughter. Total N and individual amino acids accumulated in carcass, wool, skin, offal and blood, head and feet, gastro-intestinal tract and liver were linearly related to body weight in all cases other than for cysteine in carcass. At 25 kg live weight, proportionately 0·52 of total body N was in carcass components, 0·115 in wool, 0·08 in skin, 0·10 in offal and blood, 0·095 in head and feet, 0·06 in the gastro-intestinal tract and 0·02 in liver. However as the animals grew from 25 to 55 kg, 0·256 of the total N accretion was in wool, which was rich in cysteine (98 g/kg total amino acid). Carcass accretion represented only 0·449 of total body N accretion. The N balance technique overestimated net protein accretion by 0·24 (s.e. 0·036).

scholarly journals The effect of a low-protein diet and a cold environment on calorie intake and body composition in the rat

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schmida ◽  
Elise M. Widdowson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Stock Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

1. Rats 10 weeks old were fed for 9 weeks either on a stock diet containing 17% protein, or on a low-protein diet prepared from the stock diet with added glucose, minerals and vitamins. Half the animals on each diet were kept at room temperature (21°) and half in a cold environment (5°).2. The calorie intake of the animals kept at 5° on both diets was 60–70% higher than that of the corresponding group at 21°. The animals on the stock diet and kept at 5° gained weight but not so much as those on the same diet at 21°. The animals kept on the low-protein diet at 21° lost weight, while those on the same diet at 5° lost only a little weight initially and none thereafter.3. On both types of diet the liver, kidneys and gastro-intestinal tract weighed more per 100 g body-weight in animals kept in the colder of the two environments; the small intestine was conspicuous in this respect.4. The weight of the fur was greater, and the weight of the skin less per 100 g body-weight at 5° than at 21°.5. The animals on the stock diet at 21° had most fat in their bodies, both in absolute terms and per 100 g body-weight. There were no significant differences between the other three groups.6. The skin of the animals kept at 5° had a significantly higher collagen to N ratio than the skin of those having the same diet at 21°.

The body packer syndrome — cocaine smuggling in the gastro-intestinal tract

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (22) ◽  
pp. 1116-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Hartoko ◽  
H. E. Demey ◽  
A. M. A. Schepper ◽  
L. E. Beaucourt ◽  
L. L. Bossaert
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Packer ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

scholarly journals RADIOACTIVE IRON ABSORPTION BY GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT

1943 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Hahn ◽  
W. F. Bale ◽  
J. F. Ross ◽  
W. M. Balfour ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Gastric Pouch ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronic Anemia ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Concentration Peak ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Iron absorption is a function of the gastro-intestinal mucosal epithelium. The normal non-anemic dog absorbs little iron but chronic anemia due to blood loss brings about considerable absorption—perhaps 5 to 15 times normal. In general the same differences are observed in man (1). Sudden change from normal to severe anemia within 24 hours does not significantly increase iron absorption. As the days pass new hemoglobin is formed. The body iron stores are depleted and within 7 days iron absorption is active, even when the red cell hematocrit is rising. Anoxemia of 50 per cent normal oxygen concentration for 48 hours does not significantly enhance iron absorption. In this respect it resembles acute anemia. Ordinary doses of iron given 1 to 6 hours before radio-iron will cause some "mucosa block"—that is an intake of radio-iron less than anticipated. Many variables which modify peristalsis come into this reaction. Iron given by vein some days before the dose of radio-iron does not appear to inhibit iron absorption. Plasma radio-iron absorption curves vary greatly. The curves may show sharp peaks in 1 to 2 hours when the iron is given in an empty stomach but after 6 hours when the radio-iron is given with food. Duration time of curves also varies widely, the plasma iron returning to normal in 6 to 12 hours. Gastric, duodenal, or jejunal pouches all show very active absorption of iron. The plasma concentration peak may reach a maximum before the solution of iron is removed from the gastric pouch—another example of "mucosa block." Absorption and distribution of radio-iron in the body of growing pups give very suggestive experimental data. The spleen, heart, upper gastro-intestinal tract, marrow, and pancreas show more radio-iron than was expected. The term "physiological saturation" with iron may be applied to the gastro-intestinal mucosal epithelium and explain one phase of acceptance or refusal of ingested iron. Desaturation is a matter of days not hours, whereas saturation may take place within 1 to 2 hours. We believe this change is a part of the complex protein metabolism of the cell.

scholarly journals FREQUENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACT OF APPENDECTOMY AT ACTIVATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NON-ATROPHIC GASTRITIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1489-1491
Author(s):  
Anatoly A. Avramenko
Keyword(s):  
Atrophic Gastritis ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastric Stump ◽  
Urease Test ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Impact

The aim: Determine the frequency of surgery-appendectomy of patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis and the impact of this transaction on the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis. Materials and methods: Data of disease history and life were analyses, as well as the results of a comprehensive survey of 245 patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis. Comprehensive examination included: step-by-step рН-metry, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, helicobacter infection test (НР) (helicobacter urease test and microscopic examination of stained smears), histological investigations of the gastric stump mucous. Results: Helicobacter infection was detected in 100% of cases. It was found that 56 (22.9%) of patients were subjected to appendectomy. Age of patients, who had an appendectomy ranged from 4 to 40 years and averaged 18.34 ± 1.05 years, and the first pathological manifestations of the gastro-intestinal tract appeared in an average of 28.27± 1.75 year, i.e. in 10 years. As for the age qualification pupil were the earliest pathological manifestations appeared in a group of patients from 11 to 15 years (13 people (23.2%) and amounted to about 6 years after the operation, and 6 (46.2%) patients, manifestations appeared in 2-6 months after surgery; the most recent is in group from 16 to 20 years (19 people (33.9%) and amounted to about 14 years (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Surgery on the body of immune system – appendix provokes activation of latent form of chronic non-atrophic gastritis, especially during puberty.

scholarly journals Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like molecules are present in foods, blood and ileal fluids from ileostomy subjects: insight into possible metabolic implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Tagliamonte ◽  
Chris I R. Gill ◽  
Laura Kirsty Pourshahidi ◽  
Mary Slevin ◽  
Roger Lawther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

AbstractThe endocannabinoid system is a lipid signalling system with several regulatory functions throughout the body including regulation of appetite, food intake, macronutrient metabolism, pain sensation, blood pressure, mood, cognition and immunity. It consists of endocannabinoids (ECs), their receptors and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The two best-characterized endocannabinoids are N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). They are ligands of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 which are located in the central nervous system (CNS) but also in in the enteric nervous system, in the liver and in the adipose tissue.Several structural congeners of ECs including N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) such as oleoylethanolamine (OEA), linoleyethanolamine (LEA), and palmitoyletahanolamine (PEA), show similar mechanisms of action, tissue distribution as well as pathways of formation and breakdown. They are considered “endocannabinoid-like” molecules acting through receptors that are located both in CNS and in the gastro-intestinal tract mucosa such as the G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). NAEs display EC50 values for human GPR119 and PPAR-α between 65 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL. Some evidence indicated that NAEs, their phosphorylated precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) and ECs are also present in food. Thus, we developed a food database of these molecules and we calculated the daily dietary intake in a healthy population.This study aimed to evaluate whether the concentrations of NAPEs, NAEs and ECs in the human intestinal lumen may support their activity through the receptors lining in the gastro-intestinal tract and if they correlated with those in plasma.The observational study (16/NI/0267, Ulster University) involved 35 ileostomists (18F/17M, aged 18–70 y, BMI 17–40 kg/m2) who collected overnight fasting samples of ileal fluid and plasma. The concentrations of NAEs, NAPEs and ECs in biological samples were determined by LC-HRMS.Data showed that NAEs and NAPEs were present in ileal fluids and plasma from all subjects ranging between 46851.0–104742.8 ng/mL and 0.3–59.6 ng/mL in ileal samples and 1159.4–3985.7 ng/mL and 0.19–1.24 ng/mL in plasma, respectively. Contrarily, no ECs in ileal fluids were found except 2-AG in two ileal samples whereas they ranged between 1.6–22.3 ng/mL in plasma. Differences between genders and associations of plasma levels with individual energy intakes were found.Altogether, the data demonstrated that NAEs in the intestinal lumen are sufficient to elicit metabolic responses through the gastro-intestinal receptors.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTS ON INSECT TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Howard ◽  
Paul F. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cimex Lectularius ◽  
Living State ◽  
Insect Transmission ◽  
Pediculus Capitis ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The domestic fly (Musca domestica) can carry the virus of poliomyelitis in an active state for several days upon the surface of the body and for several hours within the gastro-intestinal tract. Mosquitos (Culex pipiens, Culex sollicitans, and Culex cantator), in our experiments, have not taken up and maintained in a living state the virus from the spinal cord of monkeys. Lice (Pediculus capitis and Pediculus vestimenti) have not taken the virus out of the blood of monkeys or maintained it in a living state. The bedbug (Cimex lectularius) has taken the virus with the blood from infected monkeys and maintained it in a living state within the body for a period of seven days.

Mental Depression and Melancholia considered in regard to Auto-intoxication, with special Reference to the presence of Indoxyl in the Urine and its Clinical Significance; Essay for which was awarded the Bronze Medal of the Medico-Psychological Association, 1904

1905 ◽  
Vol 51 (212) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur A. D. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Depression ◽  
Offensive Odour ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Brain

The more modern and advanced opinion of the present day, not of necessity the most correct, regards toxic action as the most important factor in the pathogenesis of insanity. According to this view insanity is not regarded as primary disease of the brain, but secondary, and due to toxins derived from elsewhere acting upon the cortical nerve-cells, disordering their metabolism, and thus affecting their functional activity, damaging, or destroying them. The older psychologists are evidently disinclined to accept the toxic theories of the younger school, and cling with pertinacity to their opinion that mental disease is as a rule primary, and that the physical manifestations of ill-health result from a disordered central nervous system, and undoubtedly many of the facts they produce in support of their argument are difficult to refute; on the other hand, it is necessary for those who advance the theory of toxaemia as the essential factor in the production of insanity to marshal facts supporting their contention. By the term “auto-intoxication” we indicate toxins evoked within the body as a result of disordered metabolism, first, such as takes place in chronic Bright's disease, myxcedema, diabetes, etc.; and secondly, in the contents of the gastro-intestinal tract. Within the limits of this paper I propose only to deal with the second division, viz, auto-intoxication from the gastro-intestinal canal, for the cases coming under this group are by far the more numerous and important. For a long time I have strongly held the opinion, as a result of my own observations, that a very large proportion of cases suffering from melancholia are due to auto-intoxication resulting from the absorption of toxins from the alimentary tract, for in depressed states generally there are various symptoms referable to disordered metabolic processes in some part of the gastro-intestinal tract. The symptoms in question that I consider as evidence of a state of toxaemia are as follow: foul breath, coated tongue, indifference to and often refusal of food, marked constipation, foul stools, anaemia (varying in degree), a sallow dirty skin, profuse perspirations and of offensive odour, skin irritations, eruptions, disorders of sensation, often leading to flesh-picking, and headache. Of course we do not in any one case find all these symptoms, but there are several common to all cases of acute melancholia. It may be suggested that the signs and symptoms that I have mentioned as those of toxaemia are but those of lowered general health, and do not in themselves afford any direct evidence of the absorption of toxins, but I have observed that the signs and symptoms that I refer to as constituting toxaemia so commonly present in states of mental depression are constantly associated with the presence in the urine of indoxyl, in greater or lesser excess.

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