scholarly journals THE GROWTH OF TISSUE IN ACID MEDIA

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton Rous
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Artificial Circulation ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Tissue Cells

Connective tissue cells of chick embryos and cells of a chicken sarcoma, proliferating in vitro, soon render acid the plasma about them, but they nevertheless continue to grow well. Evidently the tissue cell will withstand a considerably greater change in the reaction of the fluids about it than has usually been supposed. Under conditions of in vitro life in plasma, which do not provide for an artificial circulation, the acid produced by growing tissues diffuses only slowly and is subject to little dilution from this source. About tissues which grow very rapidly in vitro, as, for example, tumor tissues, there must be a marked concentration of metabolic products, and this may largely account for the poor results of attempts at the continuous propagation of such tissues in vitro.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF THE GROWTH OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Carrel
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Dynamic Condition ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Independent Life ◽  
Tissue Cells ◽  
Chick Embryo Heart ◽  
Embryo Heart

When connective tissue cells have been cultivated for a certain length of time in a medium which has been repeatedly changed, a definite relation arises between the rate of growth of the cells and the composition of the medium. It is possible, by adding to the culture medium a given quantity of certain substances, such as embryonic juices, to foresee the extent to which a fragment of tissue composed of a given strain of cells will increase in a given time. The rate of growth of a strain of cells can be accelerated or retarded by the addition to the medium of activating or retarding substances. The dynamic condition of a strain of connective tissue cells, which have been living in a given medium for some time, is not a definitely acquired characteristic, but a temporary state, and is the product or function of the medium in which the cells are living, and is readily modified merely by altering the composition of the medium. A knowledge of the characteristics of the growth of connective tissue described has led to a new result,—the indefinite proliferation of a strain of connective tissue cells outside of the organism. The strain of connective tissue originally obtained from a fragment of chick embryo heart, which had been pulsating in vitro for 104 days, was still actively alive after sixteen months of independent life and more than 190 passages. The rate of proliferation of the connective tissue sixteen months old equalled and even exceeded that of fresh connective tissue taken from an eight day old embryo. It appears, therefore, that time has no effect on the tissues isolated from the organism and preserved by means of the technique described above. During the sixteenth month of life in vitro the cells increased rapidly in number and were able in a short time to produce a large quantity of new tissue. This fact, therefore, definitely demonstrates that the tissues were not in a state of survival, as was the case in certain earlier experiments, but in a condition of real life, since the cells of which they were composed, like microorganisms, multiplied indefinitely in the culture medium.

scholarly journals THE BEHAVIOR OF ELASTIC TISSUE IN THE POSTFETAL OCCLUSION AND OBLITERATION OF THE DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (BOTALLI) IN SUS SCROFA

1914 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Parsons Schaeffer
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Elastic Membrane ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Elastic Tissue ◽  
Tissue Cells ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus Botalli ◽  
Elastic Fibrils

A study of the histogenesis of elastic tissue in the embryonic ductus arteriosus of Sus scrofa is in accord with the theory that elastic fibrils are directly differentiated in the outlying portion of the protoplasm of the early connective tissue cell. In the occlusion of the postfetal ductus arteriosus of Sus scrofa there is early a hypertrophy of the internal elastic membrane. Subsequently there takes place a marked delamination of the thickened internal elastic membrane in the production of new and independent elastic fibers and lamellæ. The formation of new elastic fibers from preformed elastic tissue is most abundant where the postfetal contraction of the ductus arteriosus is least marked. These new elastic fibers play an important part in the occlusion of the lumen of the postfetal ductus. Aside from the extensive formation of elastic fibers from preformed elastic tissue, in the occlusion of the lumen of the postfetal ductus arteriosus of Sus scrofa, there are also some elastic fibrils formed from non-elastic elements, apparently from connective tissue cells. In some recent preliminary work on ligations of the common carotid artery there was found, after an interval of from eight to twelve days, at some points between the ligatures, a slight but obvious cellular thickening of the so-called subendothelial stratum. Some of these connective tissue cells may have wandered from the other coats of the vessel, through the inner elastic membrane into the subendothelial stratum; others may have proliferated from cells in situ. Specific stains revealed near the periphery of some of these cells, i. e., in the outlying portion of the exoplasm, very delicate elastic fibrils, apparently the product of protoplasmic activity.

scholarly journals The immediate changes observed in tissue cells after exposure to soft X -rays while growing in vitro

1923 ◽  
Vol 95 (669) ◽  
pp. 373-381 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryos ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Tissue Cells

The experiments described in the following paper were carried out in order to study the immediate changes seen in tissue cells after exposure to soft X-rays while growing in vitro . The tissue from which the cultures were grown was obtained from the choroid of chick embryos of 6 to 7 days’ incubation.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDIES UPON CANCER CELLS AND NORMAL CELLS

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Nuclear Changes ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Tissue Cells ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Sarcoma Cells

1. In primary cultures sarcoma cells exhibit a much greater activity than do normal connective tissue cells grown from the adult blood vessel; there is a shorter latent period, ameboid phenomena are more marked, and cell multiplication proceeds more rapidly. 2. In secondary cultures sarcoma cells are less active than in primary cultures; connective tissue cells, on the other hand, show a markedly accelerated growth. 3. Connective tissue cells are more easily propagated over long periods in vitro than are sarcoma cells; they multiply actively in cultures more than three months old. 4. The method of tissue cultivation is well adapted to the study of normal and pathological cell division; the nuclear changes are easily discernible in the living cell as division proceeds, and staining methods may be applied to verify observations upon the unstained structures. 5. Atypical mitoses of several kinds are found in cultures of sarcoma cells but are not seen in growths of connective tissue. 6. The time required for division in rat connective tissue cells kept at body temperature (38° C.) varies within relatively narrow limits (twenty to fifty minutes); sarcoma cells, on the contrary, exhibit marked variations and several hours may be required. 7. In studies upon living cells amitotic division has not been observed in either normal or tumor tissue. Evidences of nuclear budding, however, with the formation of cells containing several nuclei of irregular size have been noted.3 The development of a cell with two nuclei from a mononuclear cell by mitotic division of the nucleus without division of the cytoplasm has also been observed.

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