scholarly journals THE PROLIFERATIVE AND ANAMNESTIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBIT LYMPHOID CELLS IN VITRO

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 970-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Theis ◽  
G. J. Thorbecke
Keyword(s):  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Adherent Cell ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Absorbent Cotton ◽  
Depletion Effect ◽  
Made In

Both primary and secondary responses to sheep erythrocytes and to Brucella abortus antigen have been obtained in cultures of dispersed rabbit spleen cells. Removal of adherent cells by repeated incubation of spleen cells on absorbent cotton diminished the ability of the spleen cell suspensions to give secondary as well as primary responses in vitro. When comparing cultures made in dishes and in tubes, the loss of responsiveness after incubation on cotton was much more evident in the dish cultures. It was concluded that the cell-to-cell interaction needed for immune responses to particulate antigens in vitro was more readily interfered with when the cells were spread over a larger surface area. The proliferative response to antigen, as measured by uptake of 3H-thymidine in tube cultures of the sensitive spleen cells, appeared particularly resistant to the depletion effect of adherent cell removal. Dispersed spleen cells from sensitized mice gave a secondary response to sheep erythrocytes. This response was readily abolished by one incubation on absorbent cotton when the cells were cultured in dishes.

scholarly journals CELL TO CELL INTERACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1968 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Martin ◽  
J. F. A. P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Antilymphocyte Globulin ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Normal Spleen ◽  
Thymus Cells

In this series of papers it has been shown that the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes requires the participation of two classes of lymphoid cells. Thymus-derived cells initially react with antigen and then interact with another class of cells, the antibody-forming cell precursors, to cause their differentiation to antibody-forming cells. Antilymphocyte globulin depressed the ability of mice to respond to sheep erythrocytes. This effect was more marked when the antigen was injected intraperitoneally than intravenously, and occurred only when the antilymphocyte globulin was given before or simultaneously with antigen. Injection of thymus cells restored to near normal the ability to respond to an intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes. Spleen cells from antilymphocyte globulin-treated mice gave a weak adoptive immune response in irradiated recipients. The addition of thymus cells however enabled a response similar to that given by normal spleen cells. When thymectomized irradiated recipients were used, normal spleen cells continued to give a higher response to a challenge of sheep erythrocytes at 2 and 4 wk postirradiation than did spleen cells from ALG-treated donors. This result is more consistent with the notion that thymus-derived target cells are eliminated, rather than temporarily inactivated, by antilymphocyte globulin. These findings suggest that, in vivo, antilymphocyte globulin acts selectively on the thymus-derived antigen-reactive cells.

scholarly journals CELLULAR RECOGNITION BY MOUSE LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 1049-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Adler ◽  
T. Takiguchi ◽  
B. Marsh ◽  
R. T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Mouse Cell ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Background Stimulation ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Stimulation Of

The media and culture conditions required for in vitro stimulation of mouse lymphoid cells are described. The medium was arginine-rich and contained heat-inactivated human serum. A component of the human sera necessary for stimulation of the cells was a natural mouse cell agglutinin, which affected both background stimulation and the degree of induced stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Absorption of the agglutinin from the human serum rendered the medium incapable of sustaining DNA synthesis in the presence of PHA. The response to PHA of mouse spleen and thymus cells was age-dependent and, although this response was not present at birth, it rapidly rose to adult levels. Spleen cells from mice immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) showed increased in vitro reactivity to added purified protein derivative (PPD) or SRBC stroma, dependent on the time of immunization. The dose response curve for the SRBC stroma stimulated, immune spleen cells is compatible with a theory of cell to cell interaction being necessary for an in vitro reaction to antigen. The possible role of the mouse cell agglutinin (AMLG) is discussed.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY IN VITRO

1971 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 846-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon N. Radcliffe ◽  
Michael A. Axelrad
Keyword(s):  
Spleen Cell ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Early Primary ◽  
Primary Type ◽  
Type Response

The immune responses to sheep erythrocytes of mouse spleen cell suspensions from immune and nonimmune donors were compared in vitro. In vivo immunity was only transiently reflected in vitro, and 8 wk after in vivo immunization the responses of cultures from immunized and nonimmunized mice were virtually identical. There appeared to be two mechanisms for an antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. The first was responsible for the early primary response and is unmodified in the immune animal though contributing little to subsequent in vivo responses due to its suppressibility by specific antibody. The second was expressed in the in vivo secondary response but not on in vitro challenge of spleen cells from mice immunized many weeks previously; spleen cell cultures from such immune mice, freed from the antibody of the in vivo environment, once again demonstrate a pure primary-type response.

scholarly journals CELL-TO-CELL INTERACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1971 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 1266-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. P. Miller ◽  
J. Sprent ◽  
A. Basten ◽  
N. L. Warner ◽  
J. C. S. Breitner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Control Antigen

Experiments were designed to test the possibility that thymus-derived (T) cells cooperate with nonthymus derived (B) cells in antibody responses by acting as passive carriers of antigen. Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from fowl γG-tolerant mice were incubated in vitro with fowl anti-mouse lymphocyte globulin (FALG), which was shown not to be immunosuppressive in mice. On transfer into adult thymectomized, irradiated, and marrow protected (TxBM) hosts together with a control antigen, horse RBC, a response to horse RBC but not to fowl γG was obtained. By contrast, TxBM recipients of nontolerant, FALG-coated TDL responded to both antigens and the antibody-forming cells were shown to be derived from the host, not from the injected TDL. These findings suggested that, under the conditions of the experiment, triggering of unprimed B cells in the spleens of TxBM hosts was not achieved with antigen-coated tolerant lymphocytes. Another model utilized the ability of B cells to bind antibody-antigen complexes. Spleen cells from TxBM mice, incubated in vitro with anti-fowl γG-fowl γG·NIP, were injected with or without normal TDL (a source of T cells) into irradiated hosts. Only mice given both cell types could produce an anti-NIP antibody response. In a further experiment, spleen cells from HGG·NIP-primed mice were injected together with NIP-coated B cells (prepared as above) into irradiated hosts. A substantial anti-NIP antibody response occurred. If, however, the T cells in the spleens of HGG·NIP-primed mice were eliminated by treatment with anti-θ serum and complement, the NIP response was abolished. It was concluded that antigen-coated B cells could not substitute for T cells either in the primary or secondary response. Treatment of T cells from unprimed or primed mice with mitomycin C impaired their capacity to collaborate with B cells on transfer into irradiated hosts. Taken together these findings suggest that before collaboration can take place T cells must be activated by antigen to differentiate and in so doing may produce some factor essential for triggering of B cells.

scholarly journals IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VITRO

1974 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 921-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl W. Pierce ◽  
Judith A. Kapp ◽  
Susan M. Solliday ◽  
Martin E. Dorf ◽  
Baruj Benacerraf
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Selective Suppression ◽  
D Region ◽  
Stimulate Antibody

The effects of alloantisera against leukocyte alloantigens on plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep erythrocytes and the terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) by mouse spleen cells in vitro have been investigated. Polyspecific antibodies against both H-2 and non-H-2 alloantigens on responding spleen cells suppressed both IgM and IgG PFC responses; antisera against alloantigens coded for by the K and I regions, but not the D region, of the H-2 complex also effectively suppressed PFC responses. The suppression was not due to cytotoxicity to the spleen cells or anti-immunoglobulin activity in the sera and was directly related to the amount of antiserum added to the cultures. The suppression was specific for spleen cells against which the alloantiserum was directed. The alloantisera suppressed responses most effectively when present during the first 24 h of incubation, and although not rendering lymphoid cells incapable of developing PFC responses after removal of noncell-bound antibody, did act by interfering with successful initiation of the PFC response. The alloantisera suppressed both IgM and IgG PFC responses when directed against alloantigens only on macrophages, but selectively suppressed IgG responses when directed against alloantigens only on lymphoid cells. The alloantisera did not interfere with the ability of macrophages to bind GAT or to support the viability of the lymphoid cells, but did interfere with the ability of macrophage-associated antigen to effectively stimulate antibody responses by the lymphoid cells. Possible mechanisms for the effects of alloantisera on macrophages and the selective suppression of IgG responses when the antisera are directed against alloantigens on lymphoid cells are discussed with reference to our current understanding of genetic restrictions governing cell interactions in the development of antibody responses in mice.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS TO HAPTENS ON AUTOLOGOUS CARRIERS

1973 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Moorhead ◽  
Curla S. Walters ◽  
Henry N. Claman
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Aminocaproic Acid ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Thymus Cells

Both thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes participate in the response to a hapten 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid (NIP), coupled to a nonimmunogenic isologous carrier, mouse gamma globulin (MGG). Spleen cells from mice immunized with NIP-MGG show increased DNA synthesis in vitro when cultured with NIP-MGG. The participation of and requirement for T cells in the response was demonstrated by treating the spleen cells with anti-θ serum. This treatment resulted in a 77% inhibition of the antigen response. Furthermore, adoptively transferred normal thymus cells could be specifically "activated" by NIP-MGG in vivo and they responded secondarily to the antigen in vitro. The active participation of B cells in the secondary response was demonstrated by passing the immune spleen cells through a column coated with polyvalent anti-MGG serum. Column filtration reduced the number of NIP-specific plaque-forming cells and NIP-specific rosette-forming cells (both functions of B cells) and produced a 47% inhibition of the NIP-MGG response. The ability of the cells to respond to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was not affected by column filtration showing that T cells were not being selectively removed. The participation of B cells in the in vitro NIP-MGG response was also shown by treatment of the spleen cells with antiserum specific for MGG and MGG determinants. B cells were removed by treatment with anti-IgM or polyvalent anti-MGG serum plus complement, resulting in a respective 46 and 49% inhibition of the response to NIP-MGG. (Treatment with anti-IgM serum had no effect on T cells.) The contribution of the hapten NIP to stimulation of T cells was investigated using NIP-MGG-activated thymus cells. These activated T cells responded in vitro very well to the NIP-MGG complex but not to the MGG carrier alone demonstrating the requirement of the hapten for T cell stimulation. The response was also partially inhibited (41%) by incubating the activated cells with NIP coupled to a single amino acid (epsilon-aminocaproic acid) before addition of NIP-MGG. These results demonstrated that T cells recognize the hapten NIP when it is coupled to the isologous carrier MGG.

scholarly journals HORMONE-LIKE ACTIVITY OF A THYMUS HUMORAL FACTOR ON THE INDUCTION OF IMMUNE COMPETENCE IN LYMPHOID CELLS

1974 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham I. Kook ◽  
Nathan Trainin
Keyword(s):  
Adenyl Cyclase ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Humoral Factor ◽  
Flufenamic Acid ◽  
Intracellular Camp ◽  
Immune Competence ◽  
Dibutyryl Camp ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Antigenic Challenge

Experiments reported here were performed to understand the mechanism by which THF increases the immunocompetence of spleen cells from NTx mice. Dibutyryl cAMP or substances which increase intracellular levels of cAMP in lymphocytes such as Poly(A:U), theophylline, or PGE2 were shown to mimic the effect of THF and confer reactivity in an in vitro GvH response to spleen cells from NTx mice. Flufenamic acid, an antagonist to PGE2, was shown to inhibit the induction of competence by this substance. It was found that THF induces competence by activating membranal adenyl cyclase which leads to a rise in intracellular cAMP in thymus-derived cells only. These biochemical changes occur before antigenic stimulation and are unrelated to antigenic challenge. These findings indicate that THF exerts its effect via cAMP and are in agreement with the concepts which permit to classify THF as a thymus hormone.

scholarly journals Interaction of the v-Rel oncoprotein with NF-kappaB and IkappaB proteins: heterodimers of a transformation-defective v-Rel mutant and NF-2 are functional in vitro and in vivo.

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1169-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
D W White ◽  
G A Pitoc ◽  
T D Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Nf Kappa B ◽  
I Kappa B Alpha ◽  
Chicken Spleen

The v-Rel oncoprotein of the avian Rev-T retrovirus is a member of the Rel/NF-kappa B family of transcription factors. The mechanism by which v-Rel malignantly transforms chicken spleen cells is not precisely known. To gain a better understanding of functions needed for transformation by v-Rel, we have now characterized the activities of mutant v-Rel proteins that are defective for specific protein-protein interactions. Mutant v-delta NLS, which has a deletion of the primary v-Rel nuclear localizing sequence, does not interact efficiently with I kappa B-alpha but still transforms chicken spleen cells approximately as well as wild-type v-Rel, indicating that interaction with I kappa B-alpha is not essential for the v-Rel transforming function. A second v-Rel mutant, v-SPW, has been shown to be defective for the formation of homodimers, DNA binding, and transformation. However, we now find that v-SPW can form functional DNA-binding heterodimers in vitro and in vivo with the cellular protein NF-kappa B p-52. Most strikingly, coexpression of v-SPW and p52 from a retroviral vector can induce the malignant transformation of chicken spleen cells, whereas expression of either protein alone cannot. Our results are most consistent with a model wherein Rel homodimers or heterodimers must bind DNA and alter gene expression in order to transform lymphoid cells.

scholarly journals Interleukin-11 inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates myelopoiesis in human long-term marrow cultures

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1428-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Keller ◽  
XX Du ◽  
EF Srour ◽  
R Hoffman ◽  
DA Williams
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Adherent Cell ◽  
Erythroid Progenitor ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Interleukin 11 ◽  
Marrow Cultures

Abstract Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a bone marrow (BM) stromal-derived growth factor that has been shown to stimulate murine myeloid and lymphoid cells both in vitro and in vivo and to inhibit adipogenesis in a murine fibroblast cell line. We have studied the effects of IL-11 on highly purified human BM stem and progenitor cells and on human long-term marrow cultures (LTMC). Adipocyte differentiation is an integral component of murine and human LTMC. IL-11 stimulates myeloid growth as a single cytokine when added to highly enriched CD34+, HLA-DR+ bone marrow cells. IL-11 stimulated no growth in the more primitive CD34+, HLA-DR- population even in the presence of additional cytokines. IL-11 addition to human LTMC resulted in the expansion of myeloid and mixed, but not erythroid, progenitor populations. IL-11 dramatically increased the adherent cell populations, including both stromal cells and macrophages. Treated cultures also showed marked inhibition of fat accumulation in the adherent cells due in part to a block in the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes, as shown by RNA analysis using adipocyte-specific markers. These data show that IL-11 stimulates a more differentiated, although multipotential, progenitor cell in human BM and that LTMC provide a useful model for studying the effects of this cytokine in the context of the hematopoietic microenvironment.

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