scholarly journals THE CULTIVATION OF THE LEPROSY BACILLUS FROM THE HUMAN TISSUES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AMINO-ACIDS AS CULTURE MEDIA

1911 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Duval
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tryptic Digestion ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Human Tissues

In the cultivation of Bacillus lepræ the initial multiplication outside the body cannot be obtained unless amino-acids are present in the medium. The amino-acids are believed to be essential nutritives for the initial growth of the organisms. It has been demonstrated that the primary growth of the leprosy bacilli occurs only in the presence of the products of tryptic digestion. Hence, putrefactive and other bacteria which are capable of splitting nucleo-proteids into their end acid products are, in consequence, of value in the isolation and cultivation of the leprosy bacilli. Amebæ are not necessary for securing the primary multiplication of the leprosy bacilli upon artificial media and are detrimental since they feed with avidity upon the bacilli themselves. Two methods may be employed for recovering in culture Bacillus lepræ from the tissues. In one (the direct), tryptophane or a mixture of albumen and trypsin are employed with a culture medium; in the other (indirect), bacterial species capable of digesting the albumen constituent of the culture medium are introduced into the medium. In both, the end result is identical, since they both provide for the presence of the amino-acids in the medium, without which the primary multiplication of the leprosy bacilli cannot be secured.

Contaminating Mycoflora in Yogurt: General Aspects and Special Reference to the Genus Penicillium

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MATEOS GARCÍA ◽  
G. SUÁREZ FERNÁNDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Penicillium Frequentans ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
The Comparative Study

A microbiological study was carried out on three commercial brands of yogurt with three different flavors. Each sample was divided into two lots, one for initial analysis and the other was stored at 4°C for 20 d before analysis. The lots were denominated initially and at the end of storage. Frequency of appearance in integrating the genera of the mycoflora of yogurt was observed to be very different, which enabled us to establish two types of flora: normal and sporadic/infrequent. We considered the mycoflora belonging to the genera Penicillium, Monilia, Cladosporium, Micella sterilia, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Aspergillus and yeasts in general to be normal. The genera considered to be sporadic totaled seventeen. From the count of toal colonies of molds per ml, it was deduced that the quantitative method is not valid for this type of microorganism in yogurt. Culture media used showed similar levels of effectiveness for growth of the various genera. The comparative study conducted on the two lots, initial and final, showed a certain evolution of mycoflora present in the product. With regard to the Penicillium genus, the highest frequencies of appearance occurred in the same brand and in both lots. Comparing the results according to flavor, differences were found between initial and final lots. Malt extract agar was the most favorable culture medium for development of the Penicillium strains isolated for yogurt. As to species, the presence of Penicillium frequentans is to be noted because of its possibly toxigenic nature.

scholarly journals THE COMPARATIVE VIABILITY OF PNEUMOCOCCI ON SOLID AND ON FLUID CULTURE MEDIA

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-590
Author(s):  
L. J. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Made In ◽  
Fluid Culture

1. Pneumococci, when freshly isolated from the body, are able to live and multiply when a small number of them are inoculated into a small amount of broth. If, however, the inoculations are made in large amounts of broth, many more bacteria must be inoculated in order that they may grow. 2. It requires much smaller numbers of pneumococci to start a growth on agar than are required to start a growth in broth. 3. This predilection for solid medium disappears when the bacteria are grown for some time outside the body. 4. This phenomenon is not dependent on differences in chemical composition between the two media employed or on the presence of more available oxygen in one case than in the other. 5. It is probably dependent entirely on physical differences in the two kinds of media, and bears some relation to the differences in possibilities for diffusion in the two media.

Puberty in the Merino ewe with special reference to the influence of season of birth upon its occurrence

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Watson ◽  
LC Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Season Of Birth

Observations were made on the occurrence of mating and lambing in Merino ewes of three groups born in the spring, summer, and winter respectively. The lambs ware weaned at 13½–14½ weeks of age, and joined with rams within the following 2 weeks, some with fertile rams, others with vasectomized rams. Thereafter they ran with rams continuously or until lambing occurred. With few exceptions the first oestrus occurred between late November and May (summer and autumn), and the first conception between November and June. Of the ewes born in the spring, summer, and winter, 78, 100, and 95% respectively exhibited oestrus, and 63, 95, and 80% respectively conceived during the first spring, summer, and autumn following birth. All of the remainder experienced oestrus and all except one conceived during the same period in the following year. Both the age and the body weight of the ewes when oestrus and when conception first occurred varied widely. Both were least in the animals born in the spring and greatest in the animals born in the summer. The sexual season was shorter in the young ewes than it was in mature ewes. Further, the first sexual season of the youngest ewes at the time (those born in the spring) was only one-third of the length of the second sexual season or of the first sexual season of the ewes of the other two groups. There was little delay between the first opportunity to conceive and conception. However, among the ewes which mated youngest the proportion which lambed was lower than that in the other young ewes, which in turn was lower than in mature ewes. In addition, the gestation period in at least half of the ewes which lambed 3 youngest was substantially longer than it was in all except a very few of the other ewes

scholarly journals Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Embryos

2016 ◽  
pp. 823-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. DRÁBKOVÁ ◽  
L. ANDRLOVÁ ◽  
R. HAMPL ◽  
R. KANĎÁR
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Cell Stage

The aim of this study was to find some relationship between amino acid metabolism and the embryo morphokinetic parameters studied via time-lapse analysis. Study included 48 human embryo samples and their culture media. Two groups of embryos were identified: embryos reached the 8-cell stage on day 3 (n=34) and embryos failed to develop at any point during the incubation (n=14). Amino acids levels were measured on day 3 of embryo development; using time-lapse analysis, the precise timing of embryo cleavage, synchrony of division, grade of fragmentation etc. were established. No statistically significant differences between dividing and arresting embryos were observed in terms of amino acids production/consumption and turnover. Amino acids which were part of the culture medium did not exhibit any statistically significant correlation with kinetic parameters with the exception of the grade of fragmentation on day 3; there were negative correlation with glutamate, and positive with glutamine, glycine and taurine. In some dividing and in some arresting embryos appeared new amino acids which strongly correlated with each other, with methionine, but not with any other amino acid that is a regular part of the culture medium.

scholarly journals 248 EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN MICRODROPS AND MICROCHANNELS: COMPARISON OF NCSU23 SEQUENTIAL AND NON-SEQUENTIAL CULTURE MEDIUM

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
A.S. Lima ◽  
C.E. Ferguson ◽  
M.B. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Hatching Rates

The in vitro culture systems used to produce pig embryos generally result in few embryos developing to the blastocyst stage. The use of pyruvate (pyr) and lactate (lac) during the culture of zygotes to the 8-cell stage followed by glucose (glu) supplementation replacing pyr and lac appears to be beneficial for embryo development in the pig. The aim of this study was to compare the embryo development rates from pig oocytes fertilized with and without cumulus cells in 100-μL microdrops (MD) and cultured in 100-μL MD or microchannels (MC), using NCSU23 containing 8 mg/mL of BSA and supplemented with (1) glu or (2) pyr/lac or (3) pyr/lac for the first three days and then with just glu for the remainder of culture period (pyr/lac-glu). Sow oocytes were matured in TCM199 supplemented with gonadotropins for the first 22 h, and for an additional 22 h without hormones. After 44 h of maturation, oocytes were placed in MD of modified tris-buffered medium to be fertilized using 3 × 105 sperm/mL. Oocytes were divided into two groups for fertilization: with and without cumulus cells. Following 6 h of fertilization, all inseminated oocytes were washed, divided into groups of 15, allotted to the three culture media treatment groups as described above, and incubated in either MD or MC. With the exception of one treatment there were no significant differences in development rates among embryos cultured in MD or MC, hence data were pooled from these two culture devices. Only oocytes fertilized without cumulus cells and cultured in pyr/lac in MC appeared to have lower rates of blastocyst formation (11.67%) than those cultured in MD (26.67%) in the same culture medium. When the six treatments were compared, oocytes fertilized with cumulus cells and cultured in glu had significantly higher (P < 0.05) blastocyst rates and hatching rates compared with the other treatments, with the exception of those fertilized without cumulus cells and cultured in pyr/lac-glu. There were no significant differences among other treatments in Day 7 blastocyst or in Day 9 hatching rates. In conclusion, both culture devices can be used to reach similar blastocyst rates with different treatments. In this experiment, the removal of cumulus cells before fertilization appeared to enhance embryo development in vitro when sequential media are used. On the other hand, the presence of cumulus cells before fertilization seems to enhance embryo development when non-sequential glu medium is used. Table 1. Embryo development rates on Day 9 for three different culture treatments

Detection of Psychotomimetic N,N-Dimethylated Indoleamines in the Urine of Four Schizophrenic Patients

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (539) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Tanimukai ◽  
Rowena Ginther ◽  
Joanne Spaide ◽  
Joao R. Bueno ◽  
Harold E. Himwich
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Mao Inhibitor ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The One

Pollin, Cardon and Kety (18) investigated the effects of large doses of various amino acids in combination with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor on the behaviour of schizophrenics. They found that methionine in the presence of such an inhibitor was capable of producing behavioural changes which may ‘represent a biochemically induced acute flare-up of a chronic schizophrenic process on the one hand, or a toxic delirium superimposed upon chronic schizophrenia on the other’. Brune and Himwich (8) confirmed the clinical results of Pollin et al. On the basis of their previous work indicating that tryptamine appeared in increased concentrations in the urine before and during the activation of psychotic symptoms, they suggested that under loading conditions the formation of various N,N-dimethylated indoleamines might be facilitated in the body. The tertiary indoleamines so formed might mediate the psychotic effect of methionine with a MAO inhibitor on schizophrenic patients.

scholarly journals Effect of powdered spice treatments on mycelial growth, sporulation and production of aflatoxins by toxigenic fungi

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 856-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sára Maria Chalfoun ◽  
Marcelo Cláudio Pereira ◽  
Mario Lúcio V. Resende ◽  
Caroline Lima Angélico ◽  
Rozane Aparecida da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Order Promising ◽  
Fungistatic Effect

The effect of ten powdered spice plants was evaluated at the concentration of 1, 2, 3 and 4% to observe the mycelial growth and sporulation of Aspergillus niger and Eurotium repens. The spices were added to the culture media PDA and CYA20S. Clove completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the tested fungi. The other spices: cinnamon, garlic, thyme, mint, anis, oregano and onion were, in a decreasing order, promising antifungals. Bay leaf and basil did not show a pronounced fungistatic effect. The antitoxigenic potential of the spices was tested against one aflatoxin-producing strain of AspergiIIus flavus. The spices were tested at the same concentrations previously mentioned and were added to the culture medium YES, appropriate for the production of those metabolites. Clove completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus. Cinnamon and anis totally inhibited the production of Bl and B2 aflatoxin. Both bay leaf and basil inhibited the synthesis of aflatoxin starting from the concentration of 2%. The other spices did not have a pronounced antiaflatoxigenic effect.

A Histological Study of the Peripheral Receptors in the Thorax of Land Isopods, with Special Reference to the Location of Possible Hygroreceptors

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (67) ◽  
pp. 337-350
Author(s):  
D. E. JANS ◽  
K. F. A. ROSS
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Porcellio Scaber ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
Lateral Plates

By double embedding whole isopods in paraffin wax and celloidin, after fixing them in Bodian's fluid, it was possible to obtain complete sets of undamaged serial sections through the thoracic and abdominal regions of females of Oniscus asellus L. and Porcellio scaber Latr., and also some incomplete series through males of these species and a species of the genus Armadillidium. These sections were stained by the methods of Bodian and of Holmes to show the nerve-fibres. They were then carefully studied, and the distribution and the morphology of all peripheral nerveendings and receptors in the body were determined as completely as possible. In all, 6 different types of terminations were found; and in some cases it was possible to draw valid inferences about their probable function from a consideration of their location and their morphology alone. Three of them are probably tactile. The function of the other three is much more uncertain; but one of them, a group of pit-like terminations situated on the under side of the lateral plates on each side of the thoracic segments, is particularly suitably located to function as a receptor of temperature or humidity, and morphologically it bears some resemblance to certain proven hygroreceptors in other arthropods. This particular termination and one of the other types, consisting of ventrally situated partially retracted hairs, do not appear to have been described previously in the land isopods.

scholarly journals Very Low Ethanol Concentrations Affect the Viability and Growth Recovery in Post-Stationary-Phase Staphylococcus aureus Populations

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 2627-2636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Chatterjee ◽  
Greg A. Somerville ◽  
Christine Heilmann ◽  
Hans-Georg Sahl ◽  
Hans H. Maurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Amino Acid Depletion

ABSTRACT Pharmaceuticals, culture media used for in vitro diagnostics and research, human body fluids, and environments can retain very low ethanol concentrations (VLEC) (≤0.1%, vol/vol). In contrast to the well-established effects of elevated ethanol concentrations on bacteria, little is known about the consequences of exposure to VLEC. We supplemented growth media for Staphylococcus aureus strain DSM20231 with VLEC (VLEC+ conditions) and determined ultramorphology, growth, and viability compared to those with unsupplemented media (VLEC− conditions) for prolonged culture times (up to 8 days). VLEC+-grown late-stationary-phase S. aureus displayed extensive alterations of cell integrity as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Surprisingly, while ethanol in the medium was completely metabolized during exponential phase, a profound delay of S. aureus post-stationary-phase recovery (>48 h) was observed. Concomitantly, under VLEC+ conditions, the concentration of acetate in the culture medium remained elevated while that of ammonia was reduced, contributing to an acidic culture medium and suggesting decreased amino acid catabolism. Interestingly, amino acid depletion was not uniformly affected: under VLEC+ conditions, glutamic acid, ornithine, and proline remained in the culture medium while the uptake of other amino acids was not affected. Supplementation with arginine, but not with other amino acids, was able to restore post-stationary-phase growth and viability. Taken together, these data demonstrate that VLEC have profound effects on the recovery of S. aureus even after ethanol depletion and delay the transition from primary to secondary metabolite catabolism. These data also suggest that the concentration of ethanol needed for bacteriostatic control of S. aureus is lower than that previously reported.

The Nature and Formation of the Spermatophore and Sperm Plug in Carcinus Maenas

1942 ◽  
Vol s2-83 (331) ◽  
pp. 399-422
Author(s):  
J. F. SPALDING
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Female Crab ◽  
Male Crab ◽  
Body Cuticle

1. The structure of the male reproductive system of Carcinus is described with special reference to the region of formation of the spermatophores and the anatomy of the intromittent organ. 2. The vas deferens produces two fluids, one of these is probably chitin in a fluid form, whilst the other is similar in some respects to the substance forming the general body cuticle, i.e. protein. This substance forms the capsule of the spermatophore. 3. The intromittent organ consists of the modified first and second pleopods and is richly supplied with rosette glands similar to those producing the body cuticle. The ducts of these glands open into the cavity of the first pleopod and their secretion could easily pass with the seminal fluid into the female crab. 4. The female reproductive system is described with special reference to the spermatheca and the cyclical changes occurring in this organ. 5. The sperm plug is composed of two parts distinguishable by their staining reactions. One is similar to the cuticle in its general properties and is probably the product of the rosette glands in the male pleopod. The other is probably chitin formed from its fluid precursor in the seminal fluid of the male crab. 6. It is suggested that the spermatophore of the Brachyura is a degenerate structure having lost its main function, the protection of the sperms during the interval between copulation and egg-laying, in correlation with the development of the internal spermatheca and internal fertilization.

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