scholarly journals THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE IMMEDIATE REACTION OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN THE GUINEA-PIG

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Auer ◽  
Paul A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Intracardiac Injection ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lung Response ◽  
Peripheral Origin

1. By an immediate anaphylactic reaction we mean the chain of symptoms which occur in highly sensitized guinea-pigs shortly after an intravenous or intracardiac injection of the toxic dose and usually end in death. 2. Immediate anaphylactic death occurs three to five minutes after the toxic injection in highly sensitized guinea-pigs. 3. Immediate anaphylactic death in guinea-pigs is caused by asphyxia; cessation of respiration is secondary to this asphyxia. 4. This asphyxia is apparently produced by a tetanic contraction of the smooth muscles of the bronchioles, which occludes their lumen gradually, so that finally no air enters or leaves the lung, in spite of violent respiratory efforts; the animal is strangulated. 5. The stage of complete broncho-constriction is preceded by a short broncho-dilatation, if the bronchioles have been in a state of tonus previous to the injection of the toxic dose. 6. Anatomically, the lungs of these guinea-pigs are typical and may be used as an indicator of the immediate anaphylactic state when the animal has been immobilized by curarin or by pithing. 7. The lungs of a guinea-pig killed by immediate anaphylaxis are distended and in an inspiratory position so that the diaphragm is pushed down; no marked collapse occurs when the chest is opened and when the lungs are excised in toto; their color is a pale bluish-pink ; the surfaces and borders are smooth; no foam is in the trachea or large bronchi; pieces of lung cut off do not collapse, float lightly on water, and contain a good amount of air and little fluid which escapes on pressure. The blood in the lungs and heart is black when the autopsy is made at once after the cessation of respiration. 8. Section of the vagi in the neck, or curarin (artificial respiration) exerts no appreciable effect on the development of immediate anaphylaxis. 9. This immobilization of the lungs, which is due to a broncho-constriction, is of peripheral origin, for destruction of the spinal cord and medulla affects in no appreciable way the promptness and extent of the typical lung response to the injection of the toxic dose. Artificial respiration is, of course, necessary. At the present time we do not care to state whether the toxic dose exerts its effects upon the bronchial muscles alone or upon the vagus motor endings or upon both structures. 10. The blood pressure in immediate anaphylaxis first shows a rise, which may be considerable; a short maintenance of this high level and then a gradual drop to IO to 20 millimeters of mercury and even less, within ten minutes after injection of the toxic dose. 11. Shortly after injection of the toxic dose a heart block develops, so that auricles and ventricles may beat in a 3:I rhythm; the block is probably due to asphyxia. 12. The cardiac vagus gradually loses its irritability after injection of the toxic dose. 13. Cooling of the guinea-pig delays the reaction to the toxic injection.

Relationship between potency of L-isoprenaline and β-adrenoceptor density estimated in single cells from tracheal smooth muscles of guinea pigs of different ages

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issei Takayanagi ◽  
Mitsutoshi Satoh ◽  
Noriko Kokubu ◽  
Teruko Kato
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Receptor Density ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Β Receptor

An age-related change in potency of L-isoprenaline in the presence of ascorbic acid, desmethylimipramine, corticosterone, pargyline, and phentolamine was obtained in tracheal strips from guinea pigs of differing ages between 6 and 40 weeks. The potency in the strips from 100-week-old guinea pigs did not significantly differ from that in strips from 40-week-old animals. Single cells were prepared from the tracheal muscles of 6-, 10-, 40-, and 100-week-old guinea pigs. The specific binding of [3H]dihydroalprenolol to the single cells was saturable. The dissociation constants of [3H]dihydroalprenolol were in good agreement with those of the membrane fractions from the guinea-pig tracheal muscles, and did not change with age. An excellent relationship between the potency of L-isoprenaline and the maximum binding of [3H]dihydroalprenolol estimated in the preparations from 6- to 40-week-old guinea pigs was found, suggesting that the increase in the potency of L-isoprenaline is due to the increase in the maximum binding or receptor density. The value in the preparations from 100-week-old guinea pigs deviated significantly from the regression line. This suggests the possibility that the decrease in potency in the strips from 100-week-old animals is due to a change in post β-receptor processes in responsiveness.Key words: guinea-pig trachea, single cells, β-receptor density, ageing, dissociation constant.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON PULMONARY EDEMA

1937 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Farber
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Vasomotor Control ◽  
Pulmonary Vessels ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
Vasomotor Nerves ◽  
Bilateral Vagotomy ◽  
Severe Pulmonary Edema

1. Guinea pigs die shortly after bilateral cervical vagotomy, even when continuous artificial respiration effected through a tracheal cannula is carried out. Death is caused by severe pulmonary edema and congestion. 2. Direct observation of the lungs after bilateral vagotomy demonstrates that pulmonary edema develops gradually and increases slowly in amount and severity. Congestion precedes and accompanies the development of the edema. 3. Neuropathic pulmonary edema in the guinea pig is caused by disturbance to or abolition of the pulmonary vasomotor nerves. 4. The evidence obtained by experiments on animals suggests that neuropathic pulmonary edema in man is caused by disturbances, either central or peripheral, to the vasomotor control of the pulmonary vessels.

scholarly journals On the Mechanisms Whereby Temperature Affects Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Smooth Muscle

2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor V. Burdyga ◽  
Susan Wray
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Ionic Currents ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Excitation Contraction Coupling ◽  
Contraction Coupling

Moderate cooling of smooth muscle can modulate force production and may contribute to pathophysiological conditions, but the mechanisms underlying its effects are poorly understood. Interestingly, cooling increases force in rat ureter, but decreases it in guinea pigs. Therefore, this study used ureteric smooth muscle as a model system to elucidate the mechanisms of the effects of cooling on excitation-contraction coupling. Simultaneous recordings of force, intracellular [Ca2+], and electrical activity were made in intact ureter and ionic currents measured in isolated cells. The increase in force amplitude in rat ureter with cooling was found to be due to a significant increase in the duration of the Ca2+ transient. This in turn was due to a marked prolongation of the action potential. In guinea pigs, both these parameters were much less affected by cooling. Examination of membrane currents revealed that differences in ion channel contribution to the action potential underlie these differences. In particular, cooling potentiated Ca2+-activated Cl− currents, which are present in rat but not guinea pig ureteric smooth muscle, and prolonged the plateau of the action potential and Ca2+ entry. The force-Ca2+ relationship revealed that the increased duration of the Ca2+ transient was sufficient in the rat, but not in the guinea pig, to overcome kinetic lags produced in both species by cooling and potentiate force. Ca2+ entry and release processes were largely temperature-insensitive, but the rate of relaxation was very temperature-sensitive. Effects of cooling on myosin light chain phosphatase, confirmed in experiments using calyculin A, appear to be the predominant mechanisms affecting relaxation. Thus, smooth muscle is diverse in its response to temperature, even when experimental variables, such as the mode of stimulation, are removed. Although the biochemical and mechanical events accompanying contraction are likely to be affected in similar ways by temperature, differences in electrical events lead to subsequent differences in these processes between smooth muscles.

THE BEHAVIOUR OF SKIN AUTOGRAFTS AND SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN THE GUINEA-PIG, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ACETATE AND ASCORBIC ACID ON THE HOMOGRAFT REACTION

1953 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH M. SPARROW
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Cortisone Acetate ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Skin Homograft ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

1. The behaviour and fate of skin autografts and skin homografts in guinea-pigs is described. 2. In general the homograft reaction in the guinea-pig resembles that of the rabbit, but the inflammatory changes that accompany breakdown are less pronounced. 3. The survival time of skin homografts transplanted between genetically diverse guinea-pigs ranged from 5 to 17 days in different individuals. 4. Skin homografts transplanted to guinea-pigs that had been immunized beforehand by grafts of skin from the same donor underwent accelerated breakdown. 5. The daily subcutaneous administration of 5 mg of cortisone acetate is ineffective in prolonging the life of skin homografts in guinea-pigs, but the daily subcutaneous injection of 25 mg of cortisone acetate at least doubles their survival time. 6. Daily intraperitoneal injections of as much as 20 mg of cortisone were ineffective in prolonging the life of skin homografts. The route of injection is therefore a significant variable. 7. Cortisone did not retard the healing of autografts or homografts. 8. The oral administration of extra ascorbic acid had no appreciable effect on the skin homograft reaction and did not improve the healing of grafts transplanted to guinea-pigs maintained on a diet of oats and hay with supplementary cabbage.

The effect of peptic digestion on the properties of diphtheria antitoxin

1951 ◽  
Vol 138 (893) ◽  
pp. 499-513 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Diphtheria Antitoxin ◽  
Peptic Digestion ◽  
High Level ◽  
Made In

Diphtheria antitoxin prepared in the horse and refined by peptic digestion when injected in very large doses into women in an advanced stage of pregnancy did not pass to the infant. In pregnant guinea-pigs diphtheria antitoxin (naturalserum, ex -guinea-pig) passed to the young in abundance; but, after peptic-digestion, this homologous antitoxin failed entirely to pass the placenta, the young being devoid of antitoxin at birth. The passage was not affected by the treatment of the natural serum with ammonium sulphate as used in the Gibson-Banzhaf (1910) process for the concentration of antitoxin. Diphtheria antitoxin (natural serum ex -horse) passed from pregnant guinea-pigs to their off spring in smaller amounts and much less readily than homologous antitoxin, and the quantity of antitoxin( ex -horse) so passing was reduced even further and very considerably as a result of peptic digestion. Even under the most favourable conditions homologous antitoxin takes sometime (2 or 3 days) to attain the same concentration in the young as in the mother; but once this concentration has been attained it is preserve data high level for long periods. Passive anaphylactics ensitization of guinea-pigs, either of the whole animal or the isolated uterus, is easily effected, in vivo or in vitro , by small quantities of diphtheria antitoxin (either natural serum or ammonium sulphate concentrated, ex -guinea-pig), but this property is completely lost when the homologous antitoxin is subjected to peptic digestion. It is not possible to sensitize anaphylactically guinea-pigs, in vivo or in vitro , by means of diphtheria antitoxin, ex -horse, whether the antibody is presented either in the form of natural serum, or concentrated by means of ammonium sulphate; and the result is the same when pepsin-refined diphtheria antitoxin ex -horse is used. When 5 or 10 units of diphtheria antitoxin ex -horse, whether as natural serum, ammonium-sulphate concentrated or pepsin-refined, are injected subcutaneously into guinea-pigs, the animals are rendered Schick-negative in a few hours. These antitoxins are eliminated in about a week, after which time the injected guinea-pigs are found to be Schick-positive again. If, however, the same amounts of antitoxin made in guinea-pigs are injected into guinea-pigs the result is different; the animals also become Schick-negative, but this condition is maintained for a month or longer. That is, homologous antitoxin is eliminated much more slowly; but if this natural serum antitoxin from the guinea-pig is subjected to peptic digestion it is eliminated as quickly as diphtheria antitoxin made in the horse. When diphtheria toxin is injected intracutaneously into guinea-pigs, a quantity of diphtheria antitoxin 50,000 times as large as that required to neutralize it in vitro is required for neutralization in the animal, and then only if injected intravenously within 1hr.; but little or no neutralization in vivo occurs if the intravenous injection is longer delayed, whatever type of homologous or heterologous antitoxin is administered.

Role of adenosine in hypoxic alterations of anaphylaxis of isolated guinea pig hearts

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (5) ◽  
pp. H1378-H1388
Author(s):  
L. J. Heller ◽  
G. J. Trachte ◽  
J. F. Regal
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Adenosine Receptor ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Adenosine Release ◽  
Adenosine Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Isolated Hearts ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Intracardiac Injection

Previous studies suggest that high levels of adenosine may enhance histamine release and contribute to atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction arrhythmias during anaphylaxis of isolated guinea pig hearts. To determine whether elevations in endogenous adenosine evoked by hypoxic conditions have similar effects, isolated hearts of guinea pigs passively sensitized by intracardiac injection were perfused with solutions equilibrated with 95% O2 (normoxia) or 30% O2 (hypoxia). When compared with normoxia, hypoxia before antigen challenge increased adenosine release, decreased vascular resistance, and prolonged P-R intervals, whereas hypoxia during anaphylaxis potentiated the increase in adenosine release, attenuated the increases in vascular resistance and atrial rate, and increased the occurrence of conduction arrhythmias without altering the antigen-induced release of either histamine or thromboxane. Addition of the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline (SP-T) to the hypoxic perfusate significantly decreased antigen-induced release of histamine and thromboxane. These data indicate that 1) hypoxia-induced depression of antigen-induced mediator release may be counteracted by the stimulatory effect of the increased adenosine induced by hypoxia, and 2) under hypoxic conditions, adenosine's negative dromotropic, chronotropic, and vasodilatory effects may influence the anaphylactic reaction.

THE PROGESTERONE CONTENT OF THE GUINEA-PIG CORPUS LUTEUM DURING THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE AND AFTER HYSTERECTOMY

1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. ROWLANDS ◽  
R. V. SHORT
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

SUMMARY Progesterone in the corpora lutea of unmated, pregnant and hysterectomized guinea-pigs was assayed chromatographically using a modification of the procedure described by Short [1958b]. Its concentration on the 6th day after ovulation was similar in unmated and pregnant animals. By the 11th to 13th day the concentration in non-pregnant animals had decreased by one-half, but in the pregnant animals the amount was unchanged. A two- to threefold increase occurred between the 11th to 13th and the 21st to 23rd day which, it is suggested, coincides with the production of a luteotrophin. Throughout the remainder of pregnancy the concentration of progesterone in the corpus luteum was maintained at a high level. The results are compared with those that have been obtained in other species. A very high concentration of progesterone was found in the corpora lutea of hysterectomized guinea-pigs. The use of this experimental animal is suggested for further work on the hormonal control of the life-span of the corpus luteum.

Glycogen in guinea pig neutrophils: Ultrastructural study of neutrophils at the intradermal site of BCG injection

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 726-727
Author(s):  
Corazon D. Bucana
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies

In the circulating blood of man and guinea pigs, glycogen occurs primarily in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and platelets. The amount of glycogen in neutrophils increases with time after the cells leave the bone marrow, and the distribution of glycogen in neutrophils changes from an apparently random distribution to large clumps when these cells move out of the circulation to the site of inflammation in the peritoneal cavity. The objective of this study was to further investigate changes in glycogen content and distribution in neutrophils. I chose an intradermal site because it allows study of neutrophils at various stages of extravasation.Initially, osmium ferrocyanide and osmium ferricyanide were used to fix glycogen in the neutrophils for ultrastructural studies. My findings confirmed previous reports that showed that glycogen is well preserved by both these fixatives and that osmium ferricyanide protects glycogen from solubilization by uranyl acetate.I found that osmium ferrocyanide similarly protected glycogen. My studies showed, however, that the electron density of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles was lower in samples fixed with osmium ferrocyanide than in samples fixed with osmium ferricyanide.

Inhibition of Human and Animal Platelet Adhesiveness to Glass Bead Columns by Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Chlorpromazine and Acetylsalicylic Acid

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buichi Fujttani ◽  
Toshimichi Tsuboi ◽  
Kazuko Takeno ◽  
Kouichi Yoshida ◽  
Masanao Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Platelet Adhesiveness

SummaryThe differences among human, rabbit and guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness as for inhibitions by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid are described, and the influence of measurement conditions on platelet adhesiveness is also reported. Platelet adhesiveness of human and animal species decreased with an increase of heparin concentrations and an increase of flow rate of blood passing through a glass bead column. Human and rabbit platelet adhesiveness was inhibited in vitro by adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine, but not by acetylsalicylic acid. On the other hand, guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness was inhibited by the four drugs including acetylsalicylic acid. In in vivo study, adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine inhibited platelet adhesiveness in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Acetylsalicylic acid showed the inhibitory effect in guinea-pigs, but not in rabbits.

INCORPORATION OF IODIDE INTO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE GUINEA PIG THYROID

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ekholm ◽  
T. Zelander ◽  
P.-S. Agrell
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Protein Binding ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Particulate Fraction ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

ABSTRACT Guinea pigs, kept on a iodine-sufficient diet, were injected with Na131I and the thyroids excised from 45 seconds to 5 days later. The thyroid tissue was homogenized and separated into a combined nuclear-mitochondrial-microsomal fraction and a supernatant fraction by centrifugation at 140 000 g for one hour. Protein bound 131iodine (PB131I) and free 131iodide were determined in the fractions and the PB131I was analysed for monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT) and thyroxine after hydrolysis of PB131I. As early as only 20 minutes after the Na131I-injection almost 100% of the particulate fraction 131I was protein bound. In the supernatant fraction the protein binding was somewhat less rapid and PB131I values above 90% of total supernatant 131I were not found until 3 hours after the injection. In all experiments the total amount of PB131I was higher in the supernatant than in the corresponding particulate fraction. The ratio between supernatant PB131I and pellet PB131I was lower in experiments up to 3 minutes and from 2 to 5 days than in experiments of 6 minutes to 20 hours. Hydrolysis of PB131I yielded, even in the shortest experiments, both MIT and DIT. The DIT/MIT ratio was lower in the experiments up to 2 hours than in those of 3 hours and over.

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