scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF RABIES IN INSECTIVOROUS BATS

1960 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Edward Sulkin ◽  
Rae Allen ◽  
Ruth Sims ◽  
Philip H. Krutzsch ◽  
Chansoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rabies Virus Strain ◽  
Little Brown Bat ◽  
Bat Rabies ◽  
Virus Strains

Studies on the influence of environmental temperature on the pathogenesis of rabies in two species of experimentally infected Chiroptera, the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida mexicana) and the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), provided evidence that little or no viral multiplication occurs in the inactive host during experimentally induced hibernation. When inoculated animals are wakened from hibernation by transfer to a warm room, virus previously in "cold storage" multiplies, reaching detectable levels in various tissues. Similar results were obtained with two strains of rabies virus, a canine rabies street virus which produced a fatal infection in man and a strain isolated from the pooled brown fat of naturally infected little brown bats. However, certain differences in the characteristics of these virus strains were observed. The canine rabies virus strain produced an encephalitic disease in mice and overt symptoms in bats; the bat rabies virus producing an encephalomyelitic disease in mice and infrequent symptoms in bats. The bat rabies virus had a greater predilection for brown adipose tissue than the canine strain. Results obtained with the bat rabies virus in hibernating animals indicate that after a period of latency in a dormant animal activated virus may reach the salivary gland more rapidly, with greater frequency, and attain higher concentrations than in animals which have not experienced a period of hibernation. The significance of these results as they relate to the natural history of bat rabies is discussed.

scholarly journals La rage en Tunisie au XIXe siècle: recrudescence ou émergence?

Gesnerus ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Kmar Ben Néfissa ◽  
Anne Marie Moulin ◽  
Koussay Dellagi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Pet Dogs ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century

At the end of the 19th century, a canine rabies epidemics started in Tunis and in several other cities of the Beylik. Archives’ data trace the epidemics back to 1870 and at that time its rapid progression was ascribed to the increase of immigration from Europe.Whether the European “street rabies virus”was also imported with the settlers’ pet dogs is controversial.The epidemics might rather be linked to other factors such as socio-cultural or ecological changes. The authors try to reconstruct the history of rabies in Tunisia during this period. Changes in canine ecology and increase of dog populations in urban and suburban areas might account for the emergence of rabies at the end of 19th century and its persistence in an endemo-epidemic state.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of different rabies virus isolates and protection test in vaccinated mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elenice M.S. Cunha ◽  
Alessandra F.C. Nassar ◽  
Maria do Carmo C.S.H. Lara ◽  
Eliana C.M. Villalobos ◽  
Go Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Intramuscular Route ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Molossus Molossus ◽  
Artibeus Lituratus ◽  
Bat Rabies ◽  
Virus Isolates

This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pathogenicity of rabies virus isolated from bats and dogs, and to verify the efficacy of a commercial rabies vaccine against these isolates. For evaluation of pathogenicity, mice were inoculated by the intramuscular route (IM) with 500MICLD50/0.03mL of the viruses. The cross-protection test was performed by vaccinating groups of mice by the subcutaneous route and challenged through the intracerebral (IC) route. Isolates were fully pathogenic when inoculated by the IC route. When inoculated intramuscularly, the pathogenicity observed showed different death rates: 60.0% for the Desmodus rotundus isolate; 50.0% for dog and Nyctinomops laticaudatus isolates; 40.0% for Artibeus lituratus isolate; 9.5% Molossus molossus isolate; and 5.2% for the Eptesicus furinalis isolate. Mice receiving two doses of the vaccine and challenged by the IC route with the isolates were fully protected. Mice receiving only one dose of vaccine were partially protected against the dog isolate. The isolates from bats were pathogenic by the IC route in mice. However, when inoculated through the intramuscular route, the same isolates were found with different degrees of pathogenicity. The results of this work suggest that a commercial vaccine protects mice from infection with bat rabies virus isolates, in addition to a canine rabies virus isolate.

A phylogenetic reconstruction of the epidemiological history of canine rabies virus variants in Colombia

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth J Hughes ◽  
Andrés Páez ◽  
Jorge Bóshell ◽  
Charles E Rupprecht
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF RABIES IN INSECTIVOROUS BATS

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Edward Sulkin ◽  
Philip H. Krutzsch ◽  
Rae Allen ◽  
Craig Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Intramuscular Inoculation ◽  
A Site

Studies on the pathogenesis of rabies in two species of experimentally infected insectivorous Chiroptera, the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida mexicana), a quasi hibernator, and the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), a deep hibernator, provided evidence that brown adipose tissue may serve as an extraneural site for storage and multiplication of rabies virus. Although the Mexican free-tailed bat proved to be relatively insusceptible to experimental rabies infection, virus was demonstrated in the brown fat of 22 per cent of those animals shown to be infected by viral assay in white Swiss mice. Rabies infection in this species was most evident 20 to 40 days after intramuscular inoculation of virus. Rabies virus was found to be widely distributed in the little brown myotis 9 to 26 days following inoculation and virus concentrations in some of the tissues approached the level of the stock mouse brain virus suspension used in inoculating these bats. The shorter incubation period and higher virus titers in the tissues assayed reflect the increased susceptibility of Myotis lucifugus as compared with the Mexican free-tailed bat. Virus was demonstrated in the brown fat of 30 per cent of the experimentally infected Myotis. In the experimentally infected Myotis lucifugus and in the Syrian hamster which is highly susceptible to rabies infection, rabies virus was isolated more frequently from the brown fat than from the salivary gland indicating that in a susceptible host brown adipose tissue may be as frequent a site of viral proliferation as salivary gland. Since rabies virus was found to persist for long periods of time in the brown fat of experimentally infected bats and was occasionally demonstrated in this tissue alone, it is suggested that brown adipose tissue provides a mechanism by which these animals may serve as reservoirs for this agent in nature. The possibility that similar mechanisms may be involved in the maintenance of other viral agents during interepidemic periods is discussed.

scholarly journals Canine rabies in Rio Grande do Sul caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Beatriz de Carvalho Ruthner Batista ◽  
Eduardo Caldas ◽  
Dennis Malettich Junqueira ◽  
Thais Fumaco Teixeira ◽  
José Carlos Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Virus Variant ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Bat Rabies

Dissociation of leptin secretion and adiposity during prehibernatory fattening in little brown bats

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (4) ◽  
pp. R1277-R1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noga Kronfeld-Schor ◽  
Christopher Richardson ◽  
Brian A. Silvia ◽  
Thomas H. Kunz ◽  
Eric P. Widmaier
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Satiety Hormone ◽  
Little Brown Bat ◽  
Metabolic Signal ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Hibernating animals deposit adipose tissue before hibernation to withstand long periods of reduced energy intake. Normally, adiposity is positively correlated with increased secretion from adipose tissue of the satiety hormone, leptin. During the prehibernatory phase of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, body mass and adiposity increased to a maximum within 12 days. Leptin secretion from adipose tissue in vitro and plasma leptin, however, increased before the increase in adiposity, then significantly decreased when adiposity increased. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) decreased when plasma leptin was increasing. This was followed by an increase in nonshivering thermogenic capacity and brown adipose tissue mass. We conclude that in the early prehibernatory phase, BMR decreases despite increasing plasma leptin levels, suggesting a state of relative leptin resistance at that time. At later stages, adiposity increases as BMR continues to decrease, and plasma leptin becomes dissociated from adiposity. Thus, in M. lucifugus, hibernation may be achieved partly by removing the metabolic signal of leptin during the fattening period of prehibernation.

Differential expression of Akt, PPARγ, and PGC-1 during hibernation in bats

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean F Eddy ◽  
Kenneth B Storey
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Protein Kinase B ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Phosphorylated Akt ◽  
Little Brown Bat ◽  
Kidney Liver

The effects of hibernation on the expression of Akt (protein kinase B), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform (PPARγ), and the PPARγ coactivator PGC-1 were assessed in seven tissues of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. Western blotting revealed that the levels of active phosphorylated Akt were strongly reduced in brain, kidney, liver, and white adipose during torpor as compared with aroused animals and that total Akt protein was also reduced in white adipose during torpor. By contrast, both total and phospho-Akt were elevated in brown adipose tissue, the thermogenic organ. PPARγ and PGC-1 levels showed parallel changes in all organs. Both were strongly suppressed in brain, but levels increased significantly in all other organs during hibernation (except for PGC-1 in heart). Reduced Akt activity is consistent with a probable reduced insulin response during torpor that facilitates the mobilization of lipid reserves for fuel supply and is further supported by increased gene expression of enzymes and proteins involved in lipid catabolism under the stimulation of enhanced PPARγ and PGC-1 levels.Key words: Myotis lucifugus, mammalian hibernation, lipid metabolism in torpor, protein kinase B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARγ coactivator.

The evolutionary history and dynamics of bat rabies virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. Davis ◽  
Hervé Bourhy ◽  
Edward C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Bat Rabies

scholarly journals Rabies-induced Spongiform Change and Encephalitis in a Heifer

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Foley ◽  
J. F. Zachary
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Spongiform Change ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The University

A 1-year-old mixed breed heifer was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of Illinois with a 3-day history of abnormal mentation and aggressive behavior. Based on the history and clinical examination, euthanasia and necropsy were recommended. The differential diagnoses included rabies, pseudorabies, and a brain abscess. The brain was removed within 60 minutes of death, and the section submitted for fluorescent antibody testing was positive for rabies virus antigen. Residual brain tissue was immersion fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histologic examination revealed a marked perivascular and meningeal lymphocytic meningoencephalitis and locally extensive spongiform change of the gray matter affecting the neuropil and neuron cell bodies. The most severely affected regions with spongiform change were the thalamus and cerebral cortex. No Negri bodies were found in any sections. Since the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom, there has been an increased surveillance of bovine neurologic cases in an effort to assess if BSE has occurred in the USA. In areas where rabies virus is endemic, rabies should be included as a possible differential diagnosis in cases of spongiform changes of the central nervous system.

Host behaviour, age and sex correlate with ectoparasite prevalence and intensity in a colonial mammal, the little brown bat

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinn M.R. Webber ◽  
Liam P. McGuire ◽  
Steven B. Smith ◽  
Craig K.R. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Wildlife Diseases ◽  
Colonial Species ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Host Sex ◽  
Little Brown Bat ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of behaviour on host-parasite dynamics has theoretical support but few empirical studies have examined this influence for wild-captured hosts, especially in colonial species, which are thought to face generally high risk of exposure. Behavioural tendencies of hosts in novel environments could mediate host exposure. We tested the hypothesis that behavioural tendencies of hosts, and host sex and age, correlate with prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites in a gregarious mammal, the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus). We also tested whether relationships between host behaviour and parasite prevalence and intensity would vary between taxa of ectoparasites which differ in host-seeking behaviour. We predicted that individual hosts displaying active and explorative behaviours would have higher prevalence and intensity of parasites that depend on physical contact among hosts for transmission (mites) but that host behaviour would not influence prevalence and intensity of mobile ectoparasites with active host-seeking behaviour (fleas). We recorded behavioural responses of wild-captured bats in a novel-environment test and then sampled each individual for ectoparasites. After accounting for age and sex we found mixed support for our hypotheses in some but not all demographics. More active adult and young of the year (YOY) males were more likely to host mites while more active adult and YOY females were less likely to host fleas. Our results highlight possible differences in the influence of host and parasite behaviour on parasite transmission dynamics for colonial compared to non-colonial species and have conservation implications for understanding pathogen transmission in bat white-nose syndrome and other wildlife diseases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document