scholarly journals Fine Structure of Bacillus subtilis

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoteru Tokuyasu ◽  
Eichi Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Butyl Methacrylate ◽  
Smooth Structure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

The fine structure of Bacillus subtilis has been studied by observing sections fixed in KMnO4, OsO4, or a combination of both. The majority of examinations were made in samples fixed in 2.0 per cent KMnO4 in tap water. Samples were embedded in butyl methacrylate for sectioning. In general, KMnO4 fixation appeared to provide much better definition of the boundaries of various structures than did OsO4. With either type of fixation, however, the surface structure of the cell appeared to consist of two components: cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. Each of these, in turn, was observed to have a double aspect. The cell wall appeared to be composed of an outer part, broad and light, and an inner part, thin and dense. The cytoplasmic membrane appeared (at times, under KMnO4 fixation) as two thin lines. In cells fixed first with OsO4 solution, and then refixed with a mixture of KMnO4 and OsO4 solutions, the features revealed were more or less a mixture of those revealed by each fixation alone. A homogeneous, smooth structure, lacking a vacuole-like space, was identified as the nuclear structure in a form relatively free of artifacts. Two unidentified structures were observed in the cytoplasm when B. subtilis was fixed with KMnO4. One a tortuous, fine filamentous element associated with a narrow light space, was often found near the ends of cells, or attached to one end of the pre-spore. The other showed a special inner structure somewhat similar to cristae mitochondriales.

scholarly journals Optimization of the Cell Wall Microenvironment Allows Increased Production of Recombinant Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen from B. subtilis

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Thwaite ◽  
Les W. J. Baillie ◽  
Noel M. Carter ◽  
Keith Stephenson ◽  
Mark Rees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Native Conformation ◽  
Anionic Polymer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRACT The stability of heterologous proteins secreted by gram-positive bacteria is greatly influenced by the microenvironment on the trans side of the cytoplasmic membrane, and secreted heterologous proteins are susceptible to rapid degradation by host cell proteases. In Bacillus subtilis, degradation occurs either as the proteins emerge from the presecretory translocase and prior to folding into their native conformation or after the native conformation has been reached. The former process generally involves membrane- and/or cell wall-bound proteases, while the latter involves proteases that are released into the culture medium. The identification and manipulation of factors that influence the folding of heterologous proteins has the potential to improve the yield of secreted heterologous proteins. Recombinant anthrax protective antigen (rPA) has been used as a model secreted heterologous protein because it is sensitive to proteolytic degradation both before and after folding into its native conformation. This paper describes the influence of the microenvironment on the trans side of the cytoplasmic membrane on the stability of rPA. Specifically, we have determined the influence of net cell wall charge and its modulation by the extent to which the anionic polymer teichoic acid is d-alanylated on the secretion and stability of rPA. The potential role of the dlt operon, responsible for d-alanylation, was investigated using a Bacillus subtilis strain encoding an inducible dlt operon. We show that, in the absence of d-alanylation, the yield of secreted rPA is increased 2.5-fold. The function of d-alanylation and the use of rPA as a model protein are evaluated with respect to the optimization of B. subtilis for the secretion of heterologous proteins.

scholarly journals d-Alanine Substitution of Teichoic Acids as a Modulator of Protein Folding and Stability at the Cytoplasmic Membrane/Cell Wall Interface of Bacillus subtilis

2000 ◽  
Vol 275 (35) ◽  
pp. 26696-26703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne-Leena Hyyryläinen ◽  
Marika Vitikainen ◽  
Joanne Thwaite ◽  
Hongyan Wu ◽  
Matti Sarvas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Folding ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Alanine Substitution ◽  
Teichoic Acids ◽  
Membrane Cell

scholarly journals Proteomic Response of Bacillus subtilis to Lantibiotics Reflects Differences in Interaction with the Cytoplasmic Membrane

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 5749-5757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Wenzel ◽  
Bastian Kohl ◽  
Daniela Münch ◽  
Nadja Raatschen ◽  
H. Bauke Albada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Pore Formation ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Cell Wall Biosynthesis ◽  
Membrane Pore ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lipid Ii ◽  
Proteomic Response ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTMersacidin, gallidermin, and nisin are lantibiotics, antimicrobial peptides containing lanthionine. They show potent antibacterial activity. All three interfere with cell wall biosynthesis by binding lipid II, but they display different levels of interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane. On one end of the spectrum, mersacidin interferes with cell wall biosynthesis by binding lipid II without integrating into bacterial membranes. On the other end of the spectrum, nisin readily integrates into membranes, where it forms large pores. It destroys the membrane potential and causes leakage of nutrients and ions. Gallidermin, in an intermediate position, also readily integrates into membranes. However, pore formation occurs only in some bacteria and depends on membrane composition. In this study, we investigated the impact of nisin, gallidermin, and mersacidin on cell wall integrity, membrane pore formation, and membrane depolarization inBacillus subtilis. The impact of the lantibiotics on the cell envelope was correlated to the proteomic response they elicit inB. subtilis. By drawing on a proteomic response library, including other envelope-targeting antibiotics such as bacitracin, vancomycin, gramicidin S, or valinomycin, YtrE could be identified as the most reliable marker protein for interfering with membrane-bound steps of cell wall biosynthesis. NadE and PspA were identified as markers for antibiotics interacting with the cytoplasmic membrane.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Inducible Promoter Regulated by the Cell Envelope Stress-Sensing Two-Component System LiaRS of Bacillus subtilis

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 2888-2896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Mascher ◽  
Sara L. Zimmer ◽  
Terry-Ann Smith ◽  
John D. Helmann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Inducible Promoter ◽  
Two Component System ◽  
Component System ◽  
Lipid Ii ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Stress Sensing

ABSTRACT Soil bacteria are among the most prodigious producers of antibiotics. The Bacillus subtilis LiaRS (formerly YvqCE) two-component system is one of several antibiotic-sensing systems that coordinate the genetic response to cell wall-active antibiotics. Upon the addition of vancomycin or bacitracin, LiaRS autoregulates the liaIHGFSR operon. We have characterized the promoter of the lia operon and defined the cis-acting sequences necessary for antibiotic-inducible gene expression. A survey for compounds that act as inducers of the lia promoter revealed that it responds strongly to a subset of cell wall-active antibiotics that interfere with the lipid II cycle in the cytoplasmic membrane (bacitracin, nisin, ramoplanin, and vancomycin). Chemicals that perturb the cytoplasmic membrane, such as organic solvents, are also weak inducers. Thus, the reporter derived from P liaI (the liaI promoter) provides a tool for the detection and classification of antimicrobial compounds.

scholarly journals THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEM IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS USING TETRANITRO-BLUE TETRAZOLIUM COMBINED WITH TECHNIQUES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

1965 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert W. Sedar ◽  
Ronald M. Burde
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Nuclear Area ◽  
Blue Tetrazolium ◽  
Dehydrogenase System

Activity of the succinic dehydrogenase system was studied in Bacillus subtilis utilizing combined techniques of cytochemistry and electron microscopy. Organisms were incubated in a medium containing tetranitro-blue tetrazolium (TNBT) which served as an electron acceptor. Enzymatic activity, as evidenced by deposition of TNBT-formazan, was found on membranous organelles associated with the cytoplasmic membrane and septal plasma membrane, the nuclear area, and the plasma membrane. Flagella, ∼190 A in diameter, with thorn-like projections protruded through the cell wall. Tangential-oblique sections of the cell wall showed many pores ∼220 A in diameter with a center-to-center spacing of ∼450 A.

Need of Human Rights as a Better Way of Life

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Tushar Kadian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Actually, basic needs postulates securing of the elementary conditions of existence to every human being. Despite of the practical and theoretical importance of the subject the greatest irony is non- availability of any universal preliminary definition of the concept of basic needs. Moreover, this becomes the reason for unpredictability of various political programmes aiming at providing basic needs to the people. The shift is necessary for development of this or any other conception. No labour reforms could be made in history till labours were treated as objects. Its only after they were started being treating as subjects, labour unions were allowed to represent themselves in strategy formulations that labour reforms could become a reality. The present research paper highlights the basic needs of Human Rights in life.

scholarly journals Bacterial inducible expression of plant cell wall-binding protein YesO through conflict between Glycine max and saprophytic Bacillus subtilis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruka Sugiura ◽  
Ayumi Nagase ◽  
Sayoko Oiki ◽  
Bunzo Mikami ◽  
Daisuke Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Initial Growth

Abstract Saprophytic bacteria and plants compete for limited nutrient sources. Bacillus subtilis grows well on steamed soybeans Glycine max to produce the fermented food, natto. Here we focus on bacterial responses in conflict between B. subtilis and G. max. B. subtilis cells maintained high growth rates specifically on non-germinating, dead soybean seeds. On the other hand, viable soybean seeds with germinating capability attenuated the initial growth of B. subtilis. Thus, B. subtilis cells may trigger saprophytic growth in response to the physiological status of G. max. Scanning electron microscope observation indicated that B. subtilis cells on steamed soybeans undergo morphological changes to form apertures, demonstrating cell remodeling during saprophytic growth. Further, transcriptomic analysis of B. subtilis revealed upregulation of the gene cluster, yesOPQR, in colonies growing on steamed soybeans. Recombinant YesO protein, a putative, solute-binding protein for the ATP-binding cassette transporter system, exhibited an affinity for pectin-derived oligosaccharide from plant cell wall. The crystal structure of YesO, in complex with the pectin oligosaccharide, was determined at 1.58 Å resolution. This study expands our knowledge of defensive and offensive strategies in interspecies competition, which may be promising targets for crop protection and fermented food production.

scholarly journals Characterization of TseB: A new actor in cell wall elongation in Bacillus subtilis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Delisle ◽  
Baptiste Cordier ◽  
Stéphane Audebert ◽  
Matthieu Pophillat ◽  
Caroline Cluzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document