scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF AN UNUSUAL CATECHOLAMINE-CONTAINING CELL TYPE IN THE TOAD HYPOTHALAMUS

1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia C. McKenna ◽  
Jack Rosenbluth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cytological Characteristics

A nucleus of catecholamine-containing cells bordering the preoptic recess of the toad hypothalamus has been studied by both fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopic methods. The perikarya of these cells form one to three rows immediately subjacent to the ependyma. They send brightly fluorescent apical processes between the ependymal cells to the ventricular surface, and also give rise to long basal processes, the proximal portions of which are also fluorescent. These cells contain two distinctive constitutents: juxtanuclear bundles of tightly packed filaments, the members of which are separated from one another by only ∼100 A, and large numbers of dense-cored vesicles (400–2200 A in diameter), which appear to arise from an agranular tubular reticulum distinct from the Golgi apparatus. Axons containing either clear vesicles alone or clear and dense-cored vesicles form synapses on the subependymal cells, but no evidence has been found that the subependymal cells themselves form presynaptic contacts, or that axons originate from them. The cytological characteristics of these catecholamine-containing cells, plus the fact that they border directly on the cerebrospinal fluid, suggest that they may be more closely related to peripheral chromaffin cells than to the other cell types intrinsic to the central nervous system, and the name "encephalo-chromaffin cells" is therefore proposed for them. The possible functions of such cells in the central nervous system are discussed.

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Granular Component ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fibrous Astrocytes

In order to establish criteria for the identification of the neural and glial cells of the central nervous system, sections of the brains and spinal cords of mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats; and portions of tumors of the human brain have been examined by electron microscopy. Identification of neurons is made possible by the characteristic cytoplasmic picture, in which there is a distinct granular and less constant membranous ergastoplasmic pattern. In no other cell of the central nervous system is such a distinct granular component present in the ergastoplasm. The shape of the neuron in electron microscopic preparations is similar to that seen by light microscopy with several dendrites containing a similar cytoplasm arising from the perikaryon. Synapses are relatively common on the surface of the neuron and its dendrites. Microglial cells are relatively small and dense with few processes, and are arranged as perineuronal and perivascular satellites for the most part. Occasionally phagocytized material is present in their cytoplasm. The oligodendroglial cells are identifiable by their position as perineuronal satellites and in the white matter as cells arranged in rows. They have a uniformly round to ovoid nucleus with a pale cytoplasm, which has a sparse, finely granular component and a few small mitochondria. The processes are few and relatively straight when cut in longitudinal section. The predominant cellular type in an oligodendroglioma was similar, with a pale cytoplasm. The astrocytes are variable in appearance. Their nuclei are moderately large, irregularly ovoid, and the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus is finely granular and scant. In the protoplasmic astrocytes the cytoplasm has a complicated infolded arrangement with reduplication of the plasma membrane, numerous processes extending radially from the cell and rebranching. To a certain extent this same folded plasma membrane was noted in the fibrous astrocytes. However, their more distant processes were narrowed, relatively straight, and filled with numerous dense fibrils. The processes of the astrocyte often surrounded axons, and other cellular processes, and surrounded some vessels, while attaching to a part of the wall of another vessel. Proliferating cells in experimentally produced gliosis and in astrocytic neoplasms were similar in structure. The ependymal cells and the epithelium of the choroid plexus have a specialized surface with microvillous projections of the cytoplasm covered by the plasma membrane. Cilia in varying numbers are present in both epithelia.

scholarly journals Molecular cloning and analysis of l(1)ogre, a locus of Drosophila melanogaster with prominent effects on the postembryonic development of the central nervous system.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Watanabe ◽  
D R Kankel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
P Element ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Highly Hydrophobic ◽  
Conceptual Translation

Abstract Previous genetic studies have shown that wild-type function of the l(1)ogre (lethal (1) optic ganglion reduced) locus is essential for the generation and/or maintenance of the postembryonic neuroblasts including those from which the optic lobe is descended. In the present study molecular isolation and characterization of the l(1)ogre locus was carried out to study the structure and expression of this gene in order to gain information about the nature of l(1)ogre function and its relevance to the development of the central nervous system. About 70 kilobases (kb) of genomic DNA were isolated that spanned the region where l(1)ogre was known to reside. Southern analysis of a l(1)ogre mutation and subsequent P element-mediated DNA transformation mapped the l(1)ogre+ function within a genomic fragment of 12.5 kb. Northern analyses showed that a 2.9-kb message transcribed from this 12.5-kb region represented l(1)ogre. A 2.15-kb portion of a corresponding cDNA clone was sequenced. An open reading frame (ORF) of 1,086 base paris was found, and a protein sequence of 362 amino acids with one highly hydrophobic segment was deduced from conceptual translation of this ORF.

scholarly journals Detection and Characterization of Autoantibodies to Neuronal Cell-Surface Antigens in the Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen H. van Coevorden-Hameete ◽  
Maarten J. Titulaer ◽  
Marco W. J. Schreurs ◽  
Esther de Graaff ◽  
Peter A. E. Sillevis Smitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Surface Antigens ◽  
Cell Surface Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Characterization of placental luteinizing hormone-relasing factor-like material

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jau-Nan Lee ◽  
Markku Seppälä ◽  
Tim Chard
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Human Placenta ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inhibition Curve

Abstract. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay were employed to characterize luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF)-like material in the human placenta. Methanol extracts of the placenta were washed with acetic acid and chloroform, further purified on coarse octadecylsilane columns, fractionated on HPLC, and tested by radioimmunoassay. In HPLC, placental LRF had the same retention time as synthetic LRF, and such fractions gave an inhibition curve which was parallel to that of synthetic LRF in radioimmunoassav. It is concluded that human placental I.RF is similar or identical to LRF in the central nervous system.

Comparative immunohistochemical distribution of amylin-like and calcitonin gene related peptide like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 945-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Skofitseh ◽  
Wolfgang Gubisch ◽  
Sunil J. Wimalawansa ◽  
David M. Jacobowitz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Diagonal Band ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Using the indirect immunofluorescence method with a polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits and directed against amylin (AMY), we have investigated the distribution of AMY-like immunoreactivity (-ir) throughout the central nervous system of the rat. The widespread distribution of AMY-ir was much more abundant than that previously reported for calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. In most brain areas there was no overlap between AMY- and CGRP-ir cell body groupings, with the exception of the motor nuclei of the hindbrain and spinal cord, which were found to contain large numbers of AMY- and CGRP-immunoreactive cell bodies. Areas with a moderate to dense appearance of AMY-ir were the rhinencephalon, the nucleus of the diagonal band, the magnocellular, dorso- and ventro-medial and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, the habenula, the compact part of the substantia nigra, the ruber and pontine nuclei, and the inferior olive and the cerebellar nuclei. The widespread immunohistochemical distribution of AMY-ir in the rat brain is in partial agreement with the distribution of AMY-binding sites.Key words: calcitonin gene related peptide, amylin, central nervous system, immunohistochemistry, rat.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Neuropathologic Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Pacheco-Herrero ◽  
Luis O. Soto-Rojas ◽  
Charles R. Harrington ◽  
Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez ◽  
Marcos M. Villegas-Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The current pandemic caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health emergency. To date, March 1, 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused about 114 million accumulated cases and 2.53 million deaths worldwide. Previous pieces of evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. It is also known that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, is expressed in different brain areas and cell types. Thus, it is hypothesized that infection by this virus could generate or exacerbate neuropathological alterations. However, the molecular mechanisms that link COVID-19 disease and nerve damage are unclear. In this review, we describe the routes of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the central nervous system. We also analyze the neuropathologic mechanisms underlying this viral infection, and their potential relationship with the neurological manifestations described in patients with COVID-19, and the appearance or exacerbation of some neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Fractal fluctuations in the cardiovascular dynamical system : from the autonomic control to the central nervous system influence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asif Hasan Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Dynamic Feature ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Factorization Technique ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The fractal component in the complex fluctuations of the human heart rate represents a dynamic feature that is widely observed in diverse fields of natural and artificial systems. It is also of clinical significance as the diminishing of the fractal dynamics appears to correlate with heart disease processes and adverse cardiac events in old age. While the autonomic nervous system directly controls the pacemaker cells of the heart, it does not provide an immediate characterization of the complex heart rate variability (HRV). The central nervous system (CNS) is known to be an important modulator for various cardiac functions. However, its role in the fractal HRV is largely unclear. In this research, human experiments were conducted to study the influence of the central nervous system on fractal dynamics of healthy human HRV. The head up tilt (HUT) maneuver is used to provide a perturbation to the autonomic nervous system. The subsequent fractal effect in the simultaneously recorded electroencephalography and beat-to-beat heart rate data was examined. Using the recently developed multifractal factorization technique, the common multifractality in the data fluctuation was analyzed. An empirical relationship was uncovered which shows the increase (decrease) in HRV multifractality is associated with the increase (decrease) in multifractal correlation between scale-free HRV and the cortical expression of the brain dynamics in 8 out of 11 healthy subjects. This observation is further supported using surrogate analysis. The present findings imply that there is an integrated central-autonomic component underlying the cortical expression of the HRV fractal dynamics. It is proposed that the central element should be incorporated in the fractal HRV analysis to gain a more comprehensive and better characterization of the scale-free HRV dynamics. This study provides the first contribution to the HRV multifractal dynamics analysis in HUT. The multivariate fractal analysis using factorization technique is also new and can be applied in the more general context in complex dynamics research.

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