scholarly journals UNUSUALLY HIGH MITOCHONDRIAL ALPHA GLYCEROPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN RAT BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kin-Ichi Ohkawa ◽  
Molly T. Vogt ◽  
Emmanuel Farber
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
High Activity ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Staining Procedure ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Brown Adipose

Brown adipose tissue of the rat has been found to have an unusually high activity of mitohondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPD) when assayed both by a histochemical staining procedure and by a quantitative biochemical method with isolated mitochondria. In contrast to succinic, glutamic, and ß-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases, all mitochondrial enzymes, the activity of α-GPD in brown fat was 10 times that in liver, more than 20 times that in white adipose tissue, and 9 times that in kidney. The soluble NAD-linked α-GPD was also higher in brown adipose tissue than in white adipose tissue, liver, or kidney, but the differences were much less marked. The possible importance of the high activity of mitochondrial α-GPD in the regulation of synthesis of esterified lipid and in thermogenesis in brown fat is discussed.

scholarly journals CD47 differentially regulates white and brown fat function

Biology Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. bio056747
Author(s):  
Heather Norman-Burgdolf ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Patrick Sullivan ◽  
Shuxia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Comparable Amount ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACTMechanisms that enhance energy expenditure are attractive therapeutic targets for obesity. Previously we have demonstrated that mice lacking cd47 are leaner, exhibit increased energy expenditure, and are protected against diet-induced obesity. In this study, we further defined the physiological role of cd47 deficiency in regulating mitochondrial function and energy expenditure in both white and brown adipose tissue. We observed that cd47 deficient mice (under normal chow diet) had comparable amount of white fat mass but reduced white adipocyte size as compared to wild-type mice. Subsequent ex vivo and in vitro studies suggest enhanced lipolysis, and not impaired lipogenesis or energy utilization, contributes to this phenotype. In contrast to white adipose tissue, there were no obvious morphological differences in brown adipose tissue between wild-type and knockout mice. However, mitochondria isolated from brown fat of cd47 deficient mice had significantly higher rates of free fatty acid-mediated uncoupling. This suggests that enhanced fuel availability via white adipose tissue lipolysis may perpetuate elevated brown adipose tissue energy expenditure and contributes to the lean phenotype observed in cd47 deficient mice.

scholarly journals Brown Adipose Tissue Growth and Development

Scientifica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Substantial Rise

Brown adipose tissue is uniquely able to rapidly produce large amounts of heat through activation of uncoupling protein (UCP) 1. Maximally stimulated brown fat can produce 300 watts/kg of heat compared to 1 watt/kg in all other tissues. UCP1 is only present in small amounts in the fetus and in precocious mammals, such as sheep and humans; it is rapidly activated around the time of birth following the substantial rise in endocrine stimulatory factors. Brown adipose tissue is then lost and/or replaced with white adipose tissue with age but may still contain small depots of beige adipocytes that have the potential to be reactivated. In humans brown adipose tissue is retained into adulthood, retains the capacity to have a significant role in energy balance, and is currently a primary target organ in obesity prevention strategies. Thermogenesis in brown fat humans is environmentally regulated and can be stimulated by cold exposure and diet, responses that may be further modulated by photoperiod. Increased understanding of the primary factors that regulate both the appearance and the disappearance of UCP1 in early life may therefore enable sustainable strategies in order to prevent excess white adipose tissue deposition through the life cycle.

Effects of Single Cortisone Injections on Brown Adipose Tissue of Developing Rats

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Skala ◽  
Peter Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Brown Fat Mitochondria

An injection of a single dose of cortisone acetate (5 mg/100 g body weight) to 9-day-old rats resulted in the following changes in brown adipose tissue 24 h later: (1) the fresh weight was increased due to fat accumulation; (2) the DNA content of whole interscapular brown fat stayed unaltered, while the RNA content was increased; (3) specific activities of cytoplasmic alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were increased; (4) the percentage of mitochondrial protein in the whole tissue protein was not changed, but mitochondria seemed to be more fragile, fewer were recovered by a standard isolation procedure, and more cytochrome c oxidase contaminated the microsomal fraction; (5) mitochondrial alpha-glycero-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities were decreased per milligram homogenate protein and (in isolated mitochondrial fraction) per milligram mitochondrial protein; (6) the endogenous respiration of brown fat mitochondria was activated much less by carnitine and CoA; and (7) CO2 formation from palmitate-14C by isolated mitochondria was considerably lower.A similar injection to 30-day-old rats had no significant effect.It is suggested that a single injection of cortisone affects the mitochondrial structure of brown adipose tissue and the ability to oxidize fatty acids and that it is effective on day 10 but not on day 30.

The Effects of Thyroxine and Isopropylnoradrenaline on Cytochrome Oxidase Activity in Brown Adipose Tissue

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. C. Heick ◽  
C. Vachon ◽  
Mary Ann Kallai ◽  
Nicole Bégin-Heick ◽  
J. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Cold Adaptation ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Hormonal Treatments

Groups of animals were treated with injections of isopropylnoradrenaline, thyroxine, or both hormones together. The effects of these hormonal treatments on the size, protein content, and level of some mitochondrial enzymes, in particular the cytochrome oxidase, were determined and compared to the effect on these parameters produced by cold adaptation. The changes observed were correlated with the resistance of the animals to cold stress and with their metabolic response to injections of isopropylnoradrenaline. All treatments increased the size of the brown adipose tissue. Whereas thyroxine had little effect on the protein content and cytochrome oxidase, both isopropylnoradrenaline and cold adaptation produced increases in these parameters. It appears that the isopropylnoradrenaline-treated animals mimic more closely the cold-adapted animals than do those with thyroxine treatment. However, the isopropylnoradrenaline-treated animals are not as resistant to cold as the cold-adapted animals.

Effect of noradrenaline chronic administration on brown fat phospholipids

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Mory ◽  
Myriam Gawer ◽  
Jean-Claude Kader
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Sympathetic Tone ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Brown Adipose

Chronic cold exposure of rats (9 days at 5°C) induces an alteration of the fatty acid composition of phospholipids in brown adipose tissue. The alteration is due to an increase of the unsaturation degree of these lipids. The phenomenon can be reproduced by 10−7 mole. h−1 administration of noradrenaline for 9 days in rats kept at 25°C. Thus, phospholipid alteration in brown fat of cold exposed rats is most probably a consequence of the increase of sympathetic tone which occurs in this tissue during exposure to cold.

scholarly journals Anti-Obesity Effects of Grateloupia elliptica, a Red Seaweed, in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Suppression of Adipogenic Factors in White Adipose Tissue and Increased Thermogenic Factors in Brown Adipose Tissue

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo-Geun Lee ◽  
Yu An Lu ◽  
Xining Li ◽  
Ji-Min Hyun ◽  
Hyun-Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Red Seaweed ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Ppar Γ ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

Obesity is a serious metabolic syndrome characterized by high levels of cholesterol, lipids in the blood, and intracellular fat accumulation in adipose tissues. It is known that the suppression of adipogenic protein expression is an effective approach for the treatment of obesity, and regulates fatty acid storage and transportation in adipose tissues. The 60% ethanol extract of Grateloupia elliptica (GEE), a red seaweed from Jeju Island in Korea, was shown to exert anti-adipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 cells and in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. GEE inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, and significantly reduced expression of adipogenic proteins. In vivo experiments indicated a significant reduction in body weight, as well as white adipose tissue (WAT) weight, including fatty liver, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and leptin contents. The expression of the adipogenic proteins, SREBP-1 and PPAR-γ, was significantly decreased by GEE, and the expression of the metabolic regulator protein was increased in WAT. The potential of GEE was shown in WAT, with the downregulation of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α mRNA; in contrast, in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the thermogenic proteins were increased. Collectively, these research findings suggest the potential of GEE as an effective candidate for the treatment of obesity-related issues via functional foods or pharmaceutical agents.

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