scholarly journals EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN PLANTS

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Kihlman ◽  
T. Merz ◽  
C. P. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Chromosome Aberrations ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Oxygen Effect ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Experimentally Induced

The discovery of Lilly and Thoday, that the presence of potassium cyanide (KCN) increases the production of chromosome aberrations by x-rays in anoxia, but has no effect on the production of chromosome aberrations by x-rays in air, was confirmed. In the presence of cyanide, the effect of a given dose of x-rays in nitrogen was found to be even greater than the effect of the same dose of x-rays in air. The cyanide effect on x-ray breakage in nitrogen was obtained at cyanide concentrations as low as 2 x 10–5 M. The breakage obtained after the combined x-ray-cyanide treatments was of the x-ray type, as evidenced by the distribution of breaks within and between the chromosomes. A number of other heavy metal complexing agents as well as some other compounds were tested for their ability to increase x-ray breakage in nitrogen and air. Of these compounds only cupferron proved to be effective. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the increased x-ray breakage in the presence of cyanide or cupferron cannot be due to an accumulation of peroxides. Instead it is suggested that the cyanide effect may be due to a complex formation between the active agents and heavy metals, presumably iron, within the chromosomes. The consequences of this hypothesis on the concept of the "oxygen effect," are discussed.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN PLANTS

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Kihlman
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Chromosome Aberrations ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Butyl Hydroperoxide ◽  
Metal Complexing Agents

The finding of Lilly and Thoday that potassium cyanide produces structural chromosome changes in root tips of Vicia faba was confirmed. Like mustards, diepoxides, and maleic hydrazide, potassium cyanide seems to act on cells at early interphase. A tendency of cyanide breaks to be concentrated in heterochromatic segments of the chromosomes was evident. The production of chromosome aberrations by cyanide proved to be practically unaffected by the temperature during treatment. In agreement with Lilly and Thoday, the effect of potassium cyanide was found to be dependent on oxygen tension during treatment. The effect of potassium cyanide increases with increasing oxygen concentration up to 100 per cent oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, potassium cyanide was not completely inactive, but produced a low, though significant frequency of aberrations. Pretreatments with 2.4-dinitrophenol did not influence the effect of potassium cyanide. When bean roots were treated with potassium cyanide before a treatment with 8-ethoxycaffeine, or at the same time as they were treated with 8-ethoxycaffeine, the effect of 8-ethoxycaffeine was almost completely suppressed. The effects of a number of other heavy metal complexing agents were also tested. Sodium fluoride, potassium thiocyanate, carbon monoxide, o-phenanthroline, 2.2-bipyridine, and sodium azide were without radiomimetic effect under the conditions employed, and so was a mixture of sodium azide and sodium fluoride. A low, but quite significant, radiomimetic effect was obtained after treatments with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, cupferron, and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Under anaerobic conditions, the effects of cyanide and cupferron were both quantitatively and qualitatively indistinguishable. Unlike the effect of cyanide, the effect of cupferron was not enhanced by the presence of oxygen. The effects of the same heavy metal complexing agents were tested on the activities of the enzymes catalase and peroxidase. The activities of both of these enzymes were found to be totally inhibited only by potassium cyanide. In the other cases, little correlation was found between ability to inhibit the activities of these enzymes and ability to produce chromosome aberrations. In a number of experiments, hydrogen peroxide was found to be without radiomimetic effect, whether alone or in combination with potassium cyanide. t-Butyl hydroperoxide proved to be active. The effect of t-butyl hydroperoxide was substantially increased by pretreatments with 2.4.-dinitrophenol. The results are discussed, and it is concluded that the observations made do not support the hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide is involved in the production of chromosome aberrations by potassium cyanide. The possibility that organic peroxides are involved cannot be excluded on the bases of the experimental results. As an alternative hypothesis, it is suggested that iron or other heavy metals are present in the chromosomes and that cyanide and other heavy metal complexing agents produce chromosome aberrations by reacting with these metals.

scholarly journals Combined Influence of Low-Grade Metakaolins and Natural Zeolite on Compressive Strength and Heavy Metal Adsorption of Geopolymers

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Alcina Johnson Sudagar ◽  
Slávka Andrejkovičová ◽  
Fernando Rocha ◽  
Carla Patinha ◽  
Maria R. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Metal Adsorption ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Heavy Metal Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Adsorption Capacities

Metakaolins (MKs) prepared from low-grade kaolins located in the Alvarães (A) and Barqueiros (B) regions of Portugal were used as the aluminosilicate source to compare their effect on the compressive strength and heavy metal adsorption of geopolymers. Natural zeolite, an inexpensive, efficient adsorbent, was used as an additive in formulations to enhance geopolymers’ adsorption capacities and reduce MK utilization’s environmental footprint. Geopolymers were synthesized with the replacement of MK by zeolite up to 75 wt.% (A25, B25—25% MK 75% zeolite; A50, B50—50% MK 50% zeolite; A75, B75—75% MK 25% zeolite; A100, B100—100% MK). The molar ratios of SiO2/Al2O3 and Na2O/Al2O3 were kept at 1 to reduce the sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide environmental impact. Geopolymers’ crystallography was identified using X-ray diffraction analysis. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy to understand the effect of zeolite incorporation. Chemical analysis using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy yielded information about the geopolymers’ Si/Al ratio. Compressive strength values of geopolymers obtained after 1, 14, and 28 days of curing indicate high strengths of geopolymers with 100% MK (A100—15.4 MPa; B100—32.46 MPa). Therefore, zeolite did not aid in the improvement of the compressive strength of both MK-based geopolymers. The heavy metal (Cd2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) adsorption tests exhibit relatively higher adsorption capacities of Barqueiros MK-based geopolymers for all the heavy metals except Cd2+. Moreover, zeolite positively influenced divalent cations’ adsorption on the geopolymers produced from Barqueiros MK as B75 exhibits the highest adsorption capacities, but such an influence is not observed for Alvarães MK-based geopolymers. The general trend of adsorption of the heavy metals of both MK-based geopolymers is Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cr3+ when fitted by the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. The MK and zeolite characteristics influence geopolymers’ structure, strength, and adsorption capacities.

X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of heavy metals in selected rice samples sold on the Liberian market: a case study conducted in Paynesville City, Greater Monrovia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
McClain James ◽  
PAYE Plenseh Diana ◽  
N’debewillie Kokolo ◽  
CHEA Sampson K. P. ◽  
Kiazolu J. Boima
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Rice Sample ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Cancer Risk ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Rice Consumption ◽  
The Mean

Background: Environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals can be lead to the possible contamination of rice. Rice is a staple food widely consumed in the urban and rural parts of Liberia daily. Rice is cultivated in approximately 113 countries and a fundamental source for energy and protein. Objective: The study assesses selected heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Se, and Cr) concentration in selected imported rice and traditionally grown rice and bulgur wheat in Liberia. Methods: Six grade of imported rice, Bulgar wheat, and traditionally grown rice were purchased from the Duport Road and Red-Light markets in Greater Monrovia and analyze using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. All data were analyzed using XLSTAT, and data was used to calculate the risk factor of each rice sample. Results: The mean concentration of heavy metal found in the rice as follow: As, 1.31ppm; Cd, 9.42ppm; Cr. 12.3ppm; Se, 5.73ppm; and Pb, 1.75ppm. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated in combination with the rice consumption data. The mean intakes of As, Cd, Cr, Se, and Pb through rice were estimated to be 1.32, 9.42. 12.4. 5.74, and 1.75 mg/kg BW/day. Chromium has the average estimated daily intake. The combined hazard index for the heavy metals in each sample and the total cancer risk for each sample contributed most significantly to a cancer risk of rice consumption during adult life expectancy.Conclusion: The selected heavy metal concentration from the rice sample was above the FAO/WHO reference Standard but was within the range of the contaminant level except for chromium, which is above the accepted range. However, the hazard index and the total cancer risk indicate a potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk.  

Direct observation of various reaction pathways of arylnitrenes in different crystal environments caused by acid–base complex formation

2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Mitsumori ◽  
Akiko Sekine ◽  
Hidehiro Uekusa ◽  
Yuji Ohashi
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Complex ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Complex Crystals

The structures of reaction intermediates, arylnitrenes and their final products have been successfully analyzed by X-rays using acid–base complex formation. The acid–base complexes of 2-azidobenzoic acid (2a), 3-azidobenzoic acid (3a) and 4-azidobenzoic acid (4a) were made with dibenzylamine (db), N-benzyl-2-phenylethylamine (bp) and dicyclohexylamine (dc). For the complex crystals of (3a) and db (3a-db), and (4a) and db (4a-db) two forms of (I) and (II) were obtained. Eight types of complex crystals, (2a-db), (3a-db-I), (3a-db-II), (3a-dc), (4a-db-I), (4a-db-II), (4a-bp) and (4a-dc), suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained. When the crystals were irradiated with UV light at low temperatures, the reactions proceeded keeping the single-crystal form in the five crystals (2a-db), (3a-db-I), (3a-db-II), (3a-dc) and (4a-bp). Less than 25% of each azidobenzoic acids was transformed into an arylnitrene and dinitrogen. In three crystals the arylnitrenes produced gave new final products; 2,1-benzisoxazolone was observed for (2a-db) and trans-azobenzenes (i.e. dimerized nitrenes) were obtained for (3a-db-II) and (4a-bp). For (3a-db-I) and (3a-dc) the intermediate arylnitrenes were observed but did not transform to new products. All the structural changes were directly observed by X-ray analysis because the incomplete reactions occurred with retention crystallinity. The crystal environment, including the hydrogen bonding between the benzoic acid and the amine, places restrictions on the movement of the arylnitrene and influences the reaction pathway followed for conversion of the arylnitrene to its final product.

scholarly journals HEAVY METALS CONTENT (Ba, La, Ce) IN THE SOILS OF CHEREPOVETS TECHNOGEACHEMICAL ANOMALY

2010 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Yu. Vodianitsky ◽  
A. Savichev ◽  
O. Rogova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Radiometric Method ◽  
Geochemical Anomaly ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Profile Distribution

With the help of X-ray radiometric method modified for diagnostics of superheavy metals Ba, La, Ce, their content in soils of Cherepovets geochemical anomaly is studied. Values Ultra-heavy metal technogeneities reach their maximum nearness of the Severstal mill. This is especially true for La and Ce, the share of whose technogenicity reaches up to 30-43%. This reflects the accumulative nature of the profile distribution of La and Ce, while in the background areas in humidal landscapes the distribution is eluvial.

scholarly journals SEM-EDX Analysis of Heavy Metals in Anal Papillae of Hydropsyche Angustipennis Larvae (Trichoptera, Insecta) as a Support for Water Quality Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Tszydel ◽  
Dagmara Błońska ◽  
Piotr Jóźwiak ◽  
Małgorzata Jóźwiak
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Edx Analysis ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Contaminated Streams ◽  
Anal Papillae

Abstract Anal papillae of caddisflies are peripheral organs responsible for osmoregulation and detoxification. Investigation of morphological abnormalities in the anal papillae of Hydropsyche angustipennis enriched with using SEM-EDX analysis (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis), was used to assess heavy metal pollution levels in urban streams receiving surface runoff. Heavy metal ions not previously detected in water and tissue samples were detected using SEM-EDX method. Morphological irregularities were most frequently observed in larvae from the most contaminated streams. Heavy metals were almost 10 times more concentrated in darkened papillae than in pale, normal-shaped papillae. The present study confirms that SEM-EDX microscopy is an effective method as a support of standard heavy metal bioassays, especially if there is a necessity to detect trace elements in very low concentrations or incidental appearance of some ions in the water.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between Heavy Metal and Nutrient Content in Plecostomus (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) from Ciliwung River in Jakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-604
Author(s):  
Dewi Elfidasari ◽  
Laksmi Nurul Ismi ◽  
Afina Putri Shabira ◽  
Irawan Sugoro
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
River Ecosystem ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Information ◽  
Kjeldahl Method

Most of the rivers’ quality in Indonesia is in highly-polluted status including Ciliwung River in Jakarta. The pollution can affect river ecosystem especially the rivers biota such as plecostomus species that is mostly found in Ciliwung River. The information about correlation between heavy metal and nutrition content in Plecostomus flesh still limited, so the result from this research can give the new information about that. The aims of this research is identifying the effect of the heavy metals towards the contents of protein and fat of plecostomus flesh from Ciliwung River. The analyses methods use X-Ray Fluoresence (XRF) Spectrometer, the analysis of protein using kjeldahl method, and fat analysis using extraction method. The result of this research showed that small-sized plecostomus contained the highest fat and protein compared to medium-sized and big-sized plecostomus. The assumption was the contents of heavy metal which can impede protein and fat absorption. Meanwhile, the content of carbohydrate in small-sized plecostomus was the lowest. The identified type of heavy metal using XRF method was Pb, Hg and Cd with the concentration was higher than the maximum standard (SNI) so that the flesh of plecostomus from Ciliwung River in Jakarta is categorized unsuitable to consumption

scholarly journals Heavy metals in some moss species found around Camlihemsin district of Rize, Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Nilay Akcay ◽  
Nevzat Batan ◽  
Yunus Cinar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Cu And Zn

Abstract In recent years, environmental safety associated with heavy metal levels of a tourism area and its surrounding areas has been one of the basic security for tourists health. Various methods have been used for measuring concentrations of heavy metal levels in these areas. Biomonitoring organisms such as mosses provide quantitative information on the quality of the environment around them, and they respond to pollution by altering their physiology or their ability to accumulate heavy metals. The aim of this study is to assess  the concentration of aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, and zinc levels in five different moss species collected around Camlihemsin district of Rize, by using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Spectrometry. The average concentrations of heavy metals in moss samples were found ranged from 3.8-8.3% for aluminum, 0.1-0.47% for manganese, 2.3-3.8% for iron, 38.8-74.2 ppm for nickel, 92.1-495.3 ppm for copper, 187.3-334 ppm for zinc. This study has shown that Abietinella abietina, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiomnium undulate, Rhytidium rugosum, and Thuidium tamariscinum samples were used to assess the potential contamination of Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn contamination in the region and made important contributions toward the understanding of Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn baseline data can be used for identification of changes in the levels of these heavy metals in the studied area. Keywords: Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Spectrometry, heavy metals, moss, biomonitor, environment.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document