scholarly journals THE NUTRITION OF ANIMAL TISSUES CULTIVATED IN VITRO

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Morgan ◽  
Helen J. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Test System ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Synthetic Media

1. The amino acid requirements of freshly explanted chick embryonic heart tissues cultivated in completely synthetic media have been determined, employing a nutritional depletion technique. Arginine, histidine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, cystine, methionine, threonine, leucine, and valine were found to be essential. Serine, isoleucine, glycine, and glutamine were found to be non-essential. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, α-alanine, proline, and hydroxyproline were found to be inhibitory in this test system. 2. A total amino acid level of approximately 100 mg. per cent was found to be optimal and DL-amino acids were found to be non-toxic, unless used in high concentrations. 3. A comparison has been made of the amino acid requirements of various types of tissue cultures, of the chick, and of man and certain differences in these requirements have been discussed.

STUDIES ON THE SULPHUR METABOLISM OF TISSUES CULTIVATED IN VITRO: III. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CYSTEINE, METHIONINE, CYSTEAMINE, AND CYSTAMINE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 785-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Morgan ◽  
Helen J. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Embryonic Heart ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acid ◽  
Synthetic Media

Previous studies on the sulphur amino acid requirement of freshly-explanted chick embryonic heart tissues cultivated in vitro in completely synthetic media have been extended. The essential requirement for L-cystine has been found to be replaceable by L- but not by D-cysteine. In the presence of L-cysteine, the supplementary methionine requirement was found to be satisfied equally by the L- or D-isomer. Of eight derivatives and metabolites of cysteine studied, only cysteamine showed any significant ability to replace cysteine or cystine. The activity of cysteamine was exhibited only in the presence of methionine. High levels of cysteamine were found to be strongly toxic and the toxicity could be reversed specifically by L-cysteine. Significantly less reversal of the cysteamine toxicity was effected by L-cystine, while other sulphydryl and disulphide compounds were ineffective. Cystamine was also found to be toxic to the tissue cultures and its toxicity could be reversed completely by L-cysteine and incompletely by L-cystine.

STUDIES ON THE SULPHUR METABOLISM OF TISSUES CULTIVATED IN VITRO: III. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CYSTEINE, METHIONINE, CYSTEAMINE, AND CYSTAMINE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 785-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Morgan ◽  
Helen J. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Embryonic Heart ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acid ◽  
Synthetic Media

Previous studies on the sulphur amino acid requirement of freshly-explanted chick embryonic heart tissues cultivated in vitro in completely synthetic media have been extended. The essential requirement for L-cystine has been found to be replaceable by L- but not by D-cysteine. In the presence of L-cysteine, the supplementary methionine requirement was found to be satisfied equally by the L- or D-isomer. Of eight derivatives and metabolites of cysteine studied, only cysteamine showed any significant ability to replace cysteine or cystine. The activity of cysteamine was exhibited only in the presence of methionine. High levels of cysteamine were found to be strongly toxic and the toxicity could be reversed specifically by L-cysteine. Significantly less reversal of the cysteamine toxicity was effected by L-cystine, while other sulphydryl and disulphide compounds were ineffective. Cystamine was also found to be toxic to the tissue cultures and its toxicity could be reversed completely by L-cysteine and incompletely by L-cystine.

scholarly journals Effects of organic compounds on the macroalgae culture of Aegagropila linnaei

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Messyasz ◽  
Boguslawa Leska ◽  
Joanna Fabrowska ◽  
Marta Pikosz ◽  
Adam Cieslak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Test System ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effects of the impact of four organic compounds (ascorbic acid, biotin, glucose and sucrose) on ash, protein, fiber, fat and amino acid contents in the freshwater Aegagropila linnaei biomass were examined in 7 and 14 days of cultivations in high concentrations of tested compounds (100 mg L-1). The presence of examined organic compounds had a negligible effect on the development of algae and their biomass composition. There were no significant differences in the amino acids composition in the biomass in the presence of organic compounds compared to the test system. However, the increase in ash content was observed irrespective of the cultivation time in the case of all used organic compounds. Only slight differences in crude fat concentration were observed in the case of 7 days cultivation with ascorbic acid, biotin and sucrose, while the highest increase of ash content was observed after 14 days of supplementation with glucose. None of the compounds affected changes in amino acid content in the Aegagropila linnaei biomass. The results suggest that an environment enriched with the test organic compounds had only minimal, or at most short-term, effects on the algal biomass composition.

scholarly journals The molecular structure and lubricating activity of lubricin isolated from bovine and human synovial fluids

1985 ◽  
Vol 225 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Swann ◽  
F H Silver ◽  
H S Slayter ◽  
W Stafford ◽  
E Shore
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Test System ◽  
Sedimentation Equilibrium ◽  
Human Knee ◽  
Synovial Fluids ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
Friction Measurements

Lubricin was isolated from bovine ankle, metacarpophalangeal and knee and human knee synovial fluids. The lubricins isolated from the bovine joint fluids had the same amino acid and carbohydrate compositions, but differences were observed in the relative molecular masses. The Mr values of bovine metacarpophalangeal and ankle lubricin determined by light-scattering measurements were about 200 000, whereas values of 132 000 and 143 000 were obtained for the bovine knee lubricin. The human knee lubricin had a similar carbohydrate composition to bovine knee lubricin except for the higher glucosamine content, and the amino acid composition differed slightly. The human sample had a lower glutamic acid content and a leucine/isoleucine ratio of 2:1 compared with 1:1 in the bovine. The Mr value of the human knee lubricin (166 000) was also lower than that of the bovine metacarpophalangeal and ankle samples. The Mr value of the bovine knee lubricin determined by sedimentation-equilibrium measurements was 171 000. The length measurements determined by electron microscopy and also the sedimentation measurements showed considerable polydispersity and indicate that the degree of extension of lubricin molecules can vary. Friction measurements showed that the human knee synovial-fluid lubricin had equivalent lubricating ability in a test system in vitro to that observed for lubricin isolated from normal bovine synovial fluids. The lubricating ability of lubricin was concentration-dependent, and each lubricin sample was able to act as a lubricant in vitro in an equivalent manner to whole synovial fluid at concentrations that are thought to occur in vivo.

scholarly journals Valuable ingredients and feed toxicity evaluation of Microcystis aeruginosa acidolysis product in mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 240 (10) ◽  
pp. 1333-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiqun Han ◽  
Qing Zhou ◽  
Yudi Xu ◽  
Floris Vanogtrop ◽  
Qijin Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Algal Toxins ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

This research studied the extraction from Microcystis aeruginosa using hydrochloric acid method as a potentially valuable protein resource from eutrophic lakes. Amino acid composition, residual algal toxins, and heavy metals of the acidolysis product were studied. After 18 h of hydrochloric acid treatment, the product of M. aeruginosa contained 17 amino acids, 51.34% of total amino acid requirements, and 30.25% of the livestock and poultry essential amino acid (Eaa). The residual microcystin-LR (MC-LR) was 0.94 µg kg−1, which was less than WHO drinking water limit of microcystins. The removal ratio of microcystins was higher than 99.99% during the process of hydrolysis. The concentration of heavy metals of the product was in compliance with feed standards. Furthermore, using Horn’s method, Mouse Micronucleus Test and Sperm Shape Abnormality Test were conducted to study the forage safety of the product. Half lethal dose (LD50) of acidolysis product in mice was >9.09 g kg−1 body weight, actually belonging to non-toxic grade. Every dose treatment did not significantly increase activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT). The results of both micronucleus test and sperm shape abnormality test were negative, which suggested the product with no mutagenicity and sperm malformation effects. This study indicated that the acidolysis product of M. aeruginosa was safe to be used as a feed ingredient.

The Contribution of Caseins to the Amino Acid Supply for Lactococcus lactis Depends on the Type of Cell Envelope Proteinase

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1991-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedicte Flambard ◽  
Sandra Helinck ◽  
Jean Richard ◽  
Vincent Juillard
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Rate Limiting

ABSTRACT The ability of caseins to fulfill the amino acid requirements ofLactococcus lactis for growth was studied as a function of the type of cell envelope proteinase (PI versus PIII type). Two genetically engineered strains of L. lactis that differed only in the type of proteinase were grown in chemically defined media containing αs1-, β-, and κ-caseins (alone or in combination) as the sources of amino acids. Casein utilization resulted in limitation of the growth rate, and the extent of this limitation depended on the type of casein and proteinase. Adding different mixtures of essential amino acids to the growth medium made it possible to identify the nature of the limitation. This procedure also made it possible to identify the amino acid deficiency which was growth rate limiting for L. lactis in milk (S. Helinck, J. Richard, and V. Juillard, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2124–2130, 1997) as a function of the type of proteinase. Our results were compared with results from previous in vitro experiments in which casein degradation by purified proteinases was examined. The results were in agreement only in the case of the PI-type proteinase. Therefore, our results bring into question the validity of the in vitro approach to identification of casein-derived peptides released by a PIII-type proteinase.

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