scholarly journals HISTONE PROTEIN TRANSITION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Das ◽  
B. P. Kaufmann ◽  
Helen Gay
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Fast Green ◽  
Histone Protein ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Chromosomal Proteins ◽  
Blastoderm Stage

Employing cytochemical methods it was found that during the early embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster the nuclei contain in sequence two kinds of chromosomal proteins. The cleavage nuclei (as also the pronuclei), until shortly before the blastoderm stage, contain an atypical (or juvenile) histone, stainable with bromophenol blue but not with alkaline fast green. The typical fast green-positive histone appears at the close of the period of the synchronized cleavage mitoses, just before blastulation, when nucleoli are first produced. The amount of DNA of the cleavage nuclei, as determined cytophotometrically, is nearly constant; therefore, the DNA moiety of the nucleohistone complex seems to remain unaffected by the protein shift during embryonic development. The implications of the protein shift in relation to the histone control of gene expression are discussed.

scholarly journals Stable integration of an optimized inducible promoter system enables spatiotemporal control of gene expression throughout avian development

Biology Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. bio055343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Chu ◽  
An Nguyen ◽  
Spenser S. Smith ◽  
Zuzana Vavrušová ◽  
Richard A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Inducible Promoter ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Promoter Construct ◽  
Avian Development ◽  
Spatiotemporal Control ◽  
Promoter System

ABSTRACTPrecisely altering gene expression is critical for understanding molecular processes of embryogenesis. Although some tools exist for transgene misexpression in developing chick embryos, we have refined and advanced them by simplifying and optimizing constructs for spatiotemporal control. To maintain expression over the entire course of embryonic development we use an enhanced piggyBac transposon system that efficiently integrates sequences into the host genome. We also incorporate a DNA targeting sequence to direct plasmid translocation into the nucleus and a D4Z4 insulator sequence to prevent epigenetic silencing. We designed these constructs to minimize their size and maximize cellular uptake, and to simplify usage by placing all of the integrating sequences on a single plasmid. Following electroporation of stage HH8.5 embryos, our tetracycline-inducible promoter construct produces robust transgene expression in the presence of doxycycline at any point during embryonic development in ovo or in culture. Moreover, expression levels can be modulated by titrating doxycycline concentrations and spatial control can be achieved using beads or gels. Thus, we have generated a novel, sensitive, tunable, and stable inducible-promoter system for high-resolution gene manipulation in vivo.

scholarly journals Revealing the bovine embryo transcript profiles during early in vivo embryonic development

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Vallée ◽  
Isabelle Dufort ◽  
Stéphanie Desrosiers ◽  
Aurélie Labbe ◽  
Catherine Gravel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Rna Content

Gene expression profiling is proving to be a powerful approach for the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying complex cellular functions such as the dynamic early embryonic development. The objective of this study was to perform a transcript abundance profiling analysis of bovine early embryonic development in vivo using a bovine developmental array. The molecular description of the first week of life at the mRNA level is particularly challenging when considering the important fluctuations in RNA content that occur between developmental stages. Accounting for the different intrinsic RNA content between developmental stages was achieved by restricting the reaction time during the global amplification steps and by using spiked controls and reference samples. Analysis based on intensity values revealed that most of the transcripts on the array were present at some point during in vivo bovine early embryonic development, while the varying number of genes detected in each developmental stage confirmed the dynamic profile of gene expression occurring during embryonic development. Pair-wise comparison of gene expression showed a marked difference between oocytes and blastocysts profiles, and principal component analysis revealed that the majority of the transcripts could be regrouped into three main clusters representing distinct RNA abundance profiles. Overall, these data provide a detailed temporal profile of the abundance of mRNAs revealing the richness of signaling processes in early mammalian development. Results presented here provide better knowledge of bovine in vivo embryonic development and contribute to the progression of our current knowledge regarding the first week of life in mammals.

scholarly journals Progressive lengthening of 3′ untranslated regions of mRNAs by alternative polyadenylation during mouse embryonic development

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (17) ◽  
pp. 7028-7033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Ji ◽  
Ju Youn Lee ◽  
Zhenhua Pan ◽  
Bingjun Jiang ◽  
Bin Tian
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Polyadenylation ◽  
Untranslated Regions ◽  
C2c12 Myoblast ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

The 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) of mRNAs containcis-acting elements for posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Here, we report that mouse genes tend to express mRNAs with longer 3′ UTRs as embryonic development progresses. This global regulation is controlled by alternative polyadenylation and coordinates with initiation of organogenesis and aspects of embryonic development, including morphogenesis, differentiation, and proliferation. Using myogenesis of C2C12 myoblast cells as a model, we recapitulated this process in vitro and found that 3′ UTR lengthening is likely caused by weakening of mRNA polyadenylation activity. Because alternative 3′ UTR sequences are typically longer and have higher AU content than constitutive ones, our results suggest that lengthening of 3′ UTR can significantly augment posttranscriptional control of gene expression during embryonic development, such as microRNA-mediated regulation.

The requirement for protein kinase C delta (PRKCD) during preimplantation bovine embryo development

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi-En Yang ◽  
Manabu Ozawa ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Sally E. Johnson ◽  
Alan D. Ealy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Kinase C

Protein kinase C (PKC) delta (PRKCD) is a member of the novel PKC subfamily that regulates gene expression in bovine trophoblast cells. Additional functions for PRKCD in early embryonic development in cattle have not been fully explored. The objectives of this study were to describe the expression profile of PRKCD mRNA in bovine embryos and to examine its biological roles during bovine embryo development. Both PRKCD mRNA and protein are present throughout early embryo development and increases in mRNA abundance are evident at morula and blastocyst stages. Phosphorylation patterns are consistent with detection of enzymatically active PRKCD in bovine embryos. Exposure to a pharmacological inhibitor (rottlerin) during early embryonic development prevented development beyond the eight- to 16-cell stage. Treatment at or after the 16-cell stage reduced blastocyst development rates, total blastomere numbers and inner cell mass-to-trophoblast cell ratio. Exposure to the inhibitor also decreased basal interferon tau (IFNT) transcript abundance and abolished fibroblast growth factor-2 induction of IFNT expression. Furthermore, trophoblast adhesion and proliferation was compromised in hatched blastocysts. These observations provide novel insights into PRKCD mRNA expression profiles in bovine embryos and provide evidence for PRKCD-dependent regulation of embryonic development, gene expression and post-hatching events.

scholarly journals Genome-wide measurement of spatial expression in patterning mutants of Drosophila melanogaster

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Combs ◽  
Michael B. Eisen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Binding Data ◽  
Complex Dependence ◽  
Blastoderm Stage

Patterning in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo is affected by multiple maternal factors, but the effect of these factors on spatial gene expression has not been systematically analyzed. Here we characterize the effect of the maternal factors Zelda, Hunchback and Bicoid by cryosectioning wildtype and mutant blastoderm stage embryos and sequencing mRNA from each slice. The resulting atlas of spatial gene expression highlights the intersecting roles of these factors in regulating spatial patterns, and serves as a resource for researchers studying spatial patterning in the early embryo. We identify a large number of genes with both expected and unexpected patterning changes, and through integrated analysis of transcription factor binding data identify common themes in genes with complex dependence on these transcription factors.

m6a Methylation Inhibition by Cycloleucine Impaired Porcine Oocyte Meiosis and Early Embryonic Development via Remodeling Histone Modifications and Altering Metabolism Related Gene Expression in Blastocysts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
Yanhui Zhai ◽  
Yu Han ◽  
Rong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Oocyte Meiosis ◽  
Porcine Oocyte ◽  
Parthenogenetic Embryos

Abstract BackgroundOocytes maturation and early embryo development were regulated precisely by a series of factors at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification in mRNA as a crucial regulator in RNA metabolism and gene regulation. However, the role of m6A on porcine oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis is largely unknown. ResultsHere, we found that oocytes treated with cycloleucine (CL), an inhibitor of m6A, could impair cumulus expansion, elevate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and decreased oocytes maturation which partially caused by disturbed spindle organization and chromosomes alignment. Moreover, our results indicated that the CL treated parthenogenetic embryos arrested at 4-cell stage and showed worse blastocyst quality. CL treatment not only decreased the methylation levels of nucleic acid, H3K4me3 and H3K9me3, while increased the acetylation level of H4K16 during parthenogenetic embryos development in pigs. Furthermore, single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis indicated that CL treatment dramatically elevated the expression of metabolism-related (SLC16A1 and MAIG3 etc.) and maternal related (BTG4, WEE2 and BMP15 etc.) genes at blastocyst stage. ConclusionsTaken together, we found that m6A methylation inhibition by CL impaired porcine oocyte meiosis and early embryonic development via remodeling histone modifications and altering metabolism related gene expression in blastocysts.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Gene Expression in relation to Age in Large Laboratory Cohorts of Drosophila melanogaster

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Carlson ◽  
Kylee Gardner ◽  
Anjeza Pashaj ◽  
Darby J. Carlson ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Temporal Variance ◽  
And Function

Aging is a complex process characterized by a steady decline in an organism’s ability to perform life-sustaining tasks. In the present study, two cages of approximately 12,000 mated Drosophila melanogaster females were used as a source of RNA from individuals sampled frequently as a function of age. A linear model for microarray data method was used for the microarray analysis to adjust for the box effect; it identified 1,581 candidate aging genes. Cluster analyses using a self-organizing map algorithm on the 1,581 significant genes identified gene expression patterns across different ages. Genes involved in immune system function and regulation, chorion assembly and function, and metabolism were all significantly differentially expressed as a function of age. The temporal pattern of data indicated that gene expression related to aging is affected relatively early in life span. In addition, the temporal variance in gene expression in immune function genes was compared to a random set of genes. There was an increase in the variance of gene expression within each cohort, which was not observed in the set of random genes. This observation is compatible with the hypothesis that D. melanogaster immune function genes lose control of gene expression as flies age.

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