scholarly journals A toolbox of anti–mouse and anti–rabbit IgG secondary nanobodies

2017 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
pp. 1143-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tino Pleiner ◽  
Mark Bates ◽  
Dirk Görlich
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Affinity Tags ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Superresolution Microscopy ◽  
Rabbit Igg ◽  
Secondary Antibodies ◽  
Reporter Enzymes

Polyclonal anti–immunoglobulin G (anti-IgG) secondary antibodies are essential tools for many molecular biology techniques and diagnostic tests. Their animal-based production is, however, a major ethical problem. Here, we introduce a sustainable alternative, namely nanobodies against all mouse IgG subclasses and rabbit IgG. They can be produced at large scale in Escherichia coli and could thus make secondary antibody production in animals obsolete. Their recombinant nature allows fusion with affinity tags or reporter enzymes as well as efficient maleimide chemistry for fluorophore coupling. We demonstrate their superior performance in Western blotting, in both peroxidase- and fluorophore-linked form. Their site-specific labeling with multiple fluorophores creates bright imaging reagents for confocal and superresolution microscopy with much smaller label displacement than traditional secondary antibodies. They also enable simpler and faster immunostaining protocols, and allow multitarget localization with primary IgGs from the same species and of the same class.

scholarly journals A toolbox of anti-mouse and rabbit IgG secondary nanobodies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tino Pleiner ◽  
Mark Bates ◽  
Dirk Görlich
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Affinity Tags ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rabbit Igg ◽  
Secondary Antibodies ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

AbstractPolyclonal anti-IgG secondary antibodies are essential tools for many molecular biology techniques and diagnostic tests. Their animal-based production is, however, a major ethical problem. Here, we introduce a sustainable alternative, namely nanobodies against all mouse IgG subclasses and rabbit IgG. They can be produced at large scale in E. coli and could thus make secondary antibody-production in animals obsolete. Their recombinant nature allows fusion with affinity tags or reporter enzymes as well as efficient maleimide chemistry for fluorophore-coupling. We demonstrate their superior performance in Western Blotting, both in peroxidase- and fluorophore-linked form. Their site-specific labeling with multiple fluorophores creates bright imaging reagents for confocal and super-resolution microscopy with much smaller label displacement than traditional secondary antibodies. They also enable simpler and faster immunostaining protocols and even allow multi-target localization with primary IgGs from the same species and of the same class.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobin Thomas ◽  
Ana Balseiro ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
María A. Risalde
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Ongoing Research

AbstractAnimal tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-host disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Due to its impact on economy, sanitary standards of milk and meat industry, public health and conservation, TB control is an actively ongoing research subject. Several wildlife species are involved in the maintenance and transmission of TB, so that new approaches to wildlife TB diagnosis have gained relevance in recent years. Diagnosis is a paramount step for screening, epidemiological investigation, as well as for ensuring the success of control strategies such as vaccination trials. This is the first review that systematically addresses data available for the diagnosis of TB in wildlife following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The article also gives an overview of the factors related to host, environment, sampling, and diagnostic techniques which can affect test performance. After three screenings, 124 articles were considered for systematic review. Literature indicates that post-mortem examination and culture are useful methods for disease surveillance, but immunological diagnostic tests based on cellular and humoral immune response detection are gaining importance in wildlife TB diagnosis. Among them, serological tests are especially useful in wildlife because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to perform, facilitate large-scale surveillance and can be used both ante- and post-mortem. Currently available studies assessed test performance mostly in cervids, European badgers, wild suids and wild bovids. Research to improve diagnostic tests for wildlife TB diagnosis is still needed in order to reach accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic techniques adequate to a broad range of target species and consistent over space and time to allow proper disease monitoring.

scholarly journals Long-term effectiveness of faecal immunochemical test screening for proximal and distal colorectal cancers

Gut ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. gutjnl-2020-322545
Author(s):  
Han-Mo Chiu ◽  
Grace Hsiao-Hsuan Jen ◽  
Ying-Wei Wang ◽  
Jean Ching-Yuan Fann ◽  
Chen-Yang Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Faecal Immunochemical Test ◽  
Immunochemical Test ◽  
Selection Factors

ObjectiveTo measure the effects of faecal immunochemical test (FIT) for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening on overall and site-specific long-term effectiveness of population-based organised service screening.DesignA prospective cohort study of Taiwanese nationwide biennial FIT screening was performed. A total of 5 417 699 eligible subjects were invited to attend screening from 2004 through 2009 and were followed up until 2014. We estimated the adjusted relative rates (aRRs) on the effectiveness of reducing advanced-stage CRC (stage II+) and CRC death by Bayesian Poisson regression models with the full adjustment for a cascade of self-selection factors (including the screening rate and the colonoscopy rate) and the completeness of colonoscopy together with demographic features.ResultsFIT screening (exposed vs unexposed) reduced the incidence of advanced-stage CRC (48.4 vs 75.7 per 100 000) and mortality (20.3 vs 41.3 per 100 000). Statistically significant reductions of both incidence of advanced-stage CRCs (aRR=0.66, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.70) and deaths from CRC (aRR=0.60, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.64) were noted. FIT screening was more effective in reducing distal advanced-stage CRCs (aRR=0.61, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.64) and CRC mortality (aRR=0.56, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.69) than proximal advanced CRCs (aRR=0.84, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.92) and CRC mortality (aRR=0.72, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.80).ConclusionA large-scale population-based biennial FIT screening demonstrates 34% significant reduction of advanced-stage CRCs and 40% reduction of death from CRC with larger long-term effectiveness in the distal colon than the proximal colon. Our findings provide a strong and consistent evidence-based policy for supporting a sustainable population-based FIT organised service screening worldwide. The disparity of site-specific long-term effectiveness also provides an insight into the remedy for lower effectiveness of FIT screening in the proximal colon.

scholarly journals 3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Jean-François Pratte ◽  
Frédéric Nolet ◽  
Samuel Parent ◽  
Frédéric Vachon ◽  
Nicolas Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Liquid Argon ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
System Level ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Digital Converter ◽  
Positron Emission

Analog and digital SiPMs have revolutionized the field of radiation instrumentation by replacing both avalanche photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes in many applications. However, multiple applications require greater performance than the current SiPMs are capable of, for example timing resolution for time-of-flight positron emission tomography and time-of-flight computed tomography, and mitigation of the large output capacitance of SiPM array for large-scale time projection chambers for liquid argon and liquid xenon experiments. In this contribution, the case will be made that 3D photon-to-digital converters, also known as 3D digital SiPMs, have a potentially superior performance over analog and 2D digital SiPMs. A review of 3D photon-to-digital converters is presented along with various applications where they can make a difference, such as time-of-flight medical imaging systems and low-background experiments in noble liquids. Finally, a review of the key design choices that must be made to obtain an optimized 3D photon-to-digital converter for radiation instrumentation, more specifically the single-photon avalanche diode array, the CMOS technology, the quenching circuit, the time-to-digital converter, the digital signal processing and the system level integration, are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Multiscale Semantic Feature Optimization and Fusion Network for Building Extraction Using High-Resolution Aerial Images and LiDAR Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2473
Author(s):  
Qinglie Yuan ◽  
Helmi Zulhaidi Mohd Shafri ◽  
Aidi Hizami Alias ◽  
Shaiful Jahari Hashim
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Feature Fusion ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Semantic Gap ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Building Extraction ◽  
Hierarchical Features

Automatic building extraction has been applied in many domains. It is also a challenging problem because of the complex scenes and multiscale. Deep learning algorithms, especially fully convolutional neural networks (FCNs), have shown robust feature extraction ability than traditional remote sensing data processing methods. However, hierarchical features from encoders with a fixed receptive field perform weak ability to obtain global semantic information. Local features in multiscale subregions cannot construct contextual interdependence and correlation, especially for large-scale building areas, which probably causes fragmentary extraction results due to intra-class feature variability. In addition, low-level features have accurate and fine-grained spatial information for tiny building structures but lack refinement and selection, and the semantic gap of across-level features is not conducive to feature fusion. To address the above problems, this paper proposes an FCN framework based on the residual network and provides the training pattern for multi-modal data combining the advantage of high-resolution aerial images and LiDAR data for building extraction. Two novel modules have been proposed for the optimization and integration of multiscale and across-level features. In particular, a multiscale context optimization module is designed to adaptively generate the feature representations for different subregions and effectively aggregate global context. A semantic guided spatial attention mechanism is introduced to refine shallow features and alleviate the semantic gap. Finally, hierarchical features are fused via the feature pyramid network. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, experimental results demonstrate superior performance with 93.19 IoU, 97.56 OA on WHU datasets and 94.72 IoU, 97.84 OA on the Boston dataset, which shows that the proposed network can improve accuracy and achieve better performance for building extraction.

Multilevel Regression and Poststratification Versus Survey Sample Weighting for Estimating Population Quantities in Large Population Health Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (7) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marnie Downes ◽  
John B Carlin
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Sample Weighting ◽  
Survey Weighting

Abstract Multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) is a model-based approach for estimating a population parameter of interest, generally from large-scale surveys. It has been shown to be effective in highly selected samples, which is particularly relevant to investigators of large-scale population health and epidemiologic surveys facing increasing difficulties in recruiting representative samples of participants. We aimed to further examine the accuracy and precision of MRP in a context where census data provided reasonable proxies for true population quantities of interest. We considered 2 outcomes from the baseline wave of the Ten to Men study (Australia, 2013–2014) and obtained relevant population data from the 2011 Australian Census. MRP was found to achieve generally superior performance relative to conventional survey weighting methods for the population as a whole and for population subsets of varying sizes. MRP resulted in less variability among estimates across population subsets relative to sample weighting, and there was some evidence of small gains in precision when using MRP, particularly for smaller population subsets. These findings offer further support for MRP as a promising analytical approach for addressing participation bias in the estimation of population descriptive quantities from large-scale health surveys and cohort studies.

scholarly journals Site-Specific Electrodeposition Enables Self-Terminating Growth of Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Shi ◽  
Wenmao Huang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Zhongqiu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Heterogenous Catalysis ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Metal Support ◽  
Metal Dichalcogenides

<p>The growth of atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADMCs) remains a great challenge owing to the thermodynamically driven atom aggregation. Here we report a surface-limited electrodeposition technique that uses site-specific substrates for the rapid and room-temperature synthesis of ADMCs. We obtained ADMCs by the underpotential deposition (UPD) of a single-atom nonnoble metal onto the chalcogen atoms of chemically exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenides and subsequent galvanic displacement with a more-noble single-atom metal. The site-specific electrodeposition (SSED) enables the formation of energetically favorable metal–support bonds, and then automatically terminates the sequential formation of metallic bonding. The self-terminating effect restricts the metal deposition to the atomic scale. The modulated ADMCs exhibit remarkable activity and stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction compared to state-of-the-art single-atom electrocatalysts. We demonstrate that this SSED methodology could be extended to the synthesis of a variety of ADMCs (for example, Pt, Pd, Rh, Cu, Pb, Bi, and Sn single atoms), showing its general scope for the large-scale production of functional ADMCs in heterogenous catalysis. </p>

scholarly journals Site-Specific Electrodeposition Enables Self-Terminating Growth of Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Shi ◽  
Wenmao Huang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Zhongqiu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Heterogenous Catalysis ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Metal Support ◽  
Metal Dichalcogenides

<p>The growth of atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADMCs) remains a great challenge owing to the thermodynamically driven atom aggregation. Here we report a surface-limited electrodeposition technique that uses site-specific substrates for the rapid and room-temperature synthesis of ADMCs. We obtained ADMCs by the underpotential deposition (UPD) of a single-atom nonnoble metal onto the chalcogen atoms of chemically exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenides and subsequent galvanic displacement with a more-noble single-atom metal. The site-specific electrodeposition (SSED) enables the formation of energetically favorable metal–support bonds, and then automatically terminates the sequential formation of metallic bonding. The self-terminating effect restricts the metal deposition to the atomic scale. The modulated ADMCs exhibit remarkable activity and stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction compared to state-of-the-art single-atom electrocatalysts. We demonstrate that this SSED methodology could be extended to the synthesis of a variety of ADMCs (for example, Pt, Pd, Rh, Cu, Pb, Bi, and Sn single atoms), showing its general scope for the large-scale production of functional ADMCs in heterogenous catalysis. </p>

scholarly journals The Speed of Large-Scale Transformation of Political and Economic Institutions

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-583
Author(s):  
Ružica Šimić Banović ◽  
Martina Basarac Sertić ◽  
Valentina Vučković
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Shock Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Therapy Approach ◽  
Eu Member States

This article compares the applicability of both the gradual and the shock therapy approach to reform implementation in large-scale change. Using quantitative data, it aims to provide more evidence for the lessons learned from post-socialist transformation. Hence it adds a theoretical and an empirical contribution to the body of literature on great transformations, focusing on their speed and the acceptability of related policy solutions. Despite the predominant inclination towards the gradualist approach to reforms in the initial transition years, economic indicators suggest that the big bang reformers have demonstrated a superior performance over the last (few) decade(s). Still, the approach to (post-)transition processes should be multidimensional and include more than the speed of transformation and key economic indicators. Therefore, a quantitative analysis covers several aspects of socioeconomic change. The analysis of the quality of democracy, market economy, and management performance in post-socialist EU member states indicates that over the last decade the countries that applied the shock therapy approach have performed significantly better in all these areas. This suggests that slow reformers are lagging behind in the development of democratic institutions and a modern market economy, and presumably have insufficient capacities to rapidly catch up with fast reformers. Further research on this topic should tackle the deep roots of socioeconomic development and path-dependent choices (reform speed included), proximity to Western countries, the possible effects of other specific circumstances (such as war), the importance of selected institutions on the performance of post-socialist non-EU member states, and other limitations.

scholarly journals Potential for community based surveillance of febrile diseases: Feasibility of self-administered rapid diagnostic tests in Iquitos, Peru and Phnom Penh, Cambodia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e0009307
Author(s):  
Amy C. Morrison ◽  
Julia Schwarz ◽  
Jennie L. Mckenney ◽  
Jhonny Cordova ◽  
Jennifer E. Rios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
At Home

Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have the potential to identify infectious diseases quickly, minimize disease transmission, and could complement and improve surveillance and control of infectious and vector-borne diseases during outbreaks. The U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s Joint Science and Technology Office (DTRA-JSTO) program set out to develop novel point-of-need RDTs for infectious diseases and deploy them for home use with no training. The aim of this formative study was to address two questions: 1) could community members in Iquitos, Peru and Phnom Penh, Cambodia competently use RDTs of different levels of complexity at home with visually based instructions provided, and 2) if an RDT were provided at no cost, would it be used at home if family members displayed febrile symptoms? Test kits with written and video (Peru only) instructions were provided to community members (Peru [n = 202]; Cambodia [n = 50]) or community health workers (Cambodia [n = 45]), and trained observers evaluated the competency level for each of the several steps required to successfully operate one of two multiplex RDTs on themselves or other consenting participant (i.e., family member). In Iquitos, >80% of residents were able to perform 11/12 steps and 7/15 steps for the two- and five-pathogen test, respectively. Competency in Phnom Penh never reached 80% for any of the 12 or 15 steps for either test; the percentage of participants able to perform a step ranged from 26–76% and 23–72%, for the two- and five-pathogen tests, respectively. Commercially available NS1 dengue rapid tests were distributed, at no cost, to households with confirmed exposure to dengue or Zika virus; of 14 febrile cases reported, six used the provided RDT. Our findings support the need for further implementation research on the appropriate level of instructions or training needed for diverse devices in different settings, as well as how to best integrate RDTs into existing local public health and disease surveillance programs at a large scale.

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