scholarly journals Exosomes: Looking back three decades and into the future

2013 ◽  
Vol 200 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford V. Harding ◽  
John E. Heuser ◽  
Philip D. Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Exciting Current ◽  
The Future ◽  
Multivesicular Endosomes ◽  
Looking Back

Exosomes are extracellular membrane vesicles whose biogenesis by exocytosis of multivesicular endosomes was discovered in 1983. Since their discovery 30 years ago, it has become clear that exosomes contribute to many aspects of physiology and disease, including intercellular communication. We discuss the initial experiments that led to the discovery of exosomes and highlight some of the exciting current directions in the field.

scholarly journals To be or not to be... secreted as exosomes, a balance finely tuned by the mechanisms of biogenesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Palmulli ◽  
Guillaume van Niel
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Lysosomal Degradation ◽  
Trafficking Pathway ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Cargo Proteins ◽  
Communication Pathway ◽  
Multivesicular Endosomes

The release of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes provides an attractive intercellular communication pathway. Exosomes are 30- to 150-nm membrane vesicles that are generated in endosomal compartment and act as intercellular mediators in both physiological and pathological context. Despite the growing interest in exosome functions, the mechanisms responsible for their biogenesis and secretion are still not completely understood. Knowledge about these mechanisms is important because they control the composition, and hence the function and secretion, of exosomes. Exosomes are produced as intraluminal vesicles in extremely dynamic endosomal organelles, which undergo various maturation processes in order to form multivesicular endosomes. Notably, the function of multivesicular endosomes is balanced between exosome secretion and lysosomal degradation. In the present review, we present and discuss each intracellular trafficking pathway that has been reported or proposed as regulating exosome biogenesis, with a particular focus on the importance of endosomal dynamics in sorting out cargo proteins to exosomes and to the secretion of multivesicular endosomes. An overall picture reveals several key mechanisms, which mainly act at the crossroads of endosomal pathways as regulatory checkpoints of exosome biogenesis.

scholarly journals The Annual Review of Applied Linguistics at 40: Looking Back and Moving Ahead

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Alison Mackey
Keyword(s):  
Current Issue ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Northern Arizona ◽  
Founding Editor ◽  
Exciting Current ◽  
Northern Arizona University ◽  
The Future ◽  
Looking Back

AbstractIt is a privilege to be Editor-in-Chief of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics in 2020 as it celebrates its 40th year. This is my fifth issue as Editor. I will begin this short introduction by paying tribute, with the help of Bill Grabe (Northern Arizona University), to the founding editor of the journal, Robert Kaplan (1929–2020). Without Robert Kaplan, none of us would be reading these pages. We will then turn to some comments from each of the previous editors on a few of the highlights of their time editing the journal, along with words for the future. After this, I will describe some recent updates, go through a few of the historical successes of the journal, and then turn to the contents of the exciting current issue, “Looking back and moving ahead.”

Managing Structural Integrity of Offshore Platforms: Looking Back to Drive the Future

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Piva ◽  
Margherita Latronico ◽  
Andrea Nero ◽  
Stefano Sartirana
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Offshore Platforms ◽  
The Future ◽  
Looking Back

The state of e-legal deposit in France: Looking back at five years of putting new legislation into practice and envisioning the future

IFLA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Stirling ◽  
Gildas Illien ◽  
Pascal Sanz ◽  
Sophie Sepetjan
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Future ◽  
Looking Back

Childhood Moyamoya: Looking Back to the Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nomazulu Dlamini ◽  
Prakash Muthusami ◽  
Catherine Amlie-Lefond
Keyword(s):  
The Future ◽  
Looking Back

Discourses of transdisciplinarity: Looking Back to the Future

Futures ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Thompson Klein
Keyword(s):  
The Future ◽  
Looking Back
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