scholarly journals Protein homeostasis and aging in neurodegeneration

2010 ◽  
Vol 190 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Douglas ◽  
Andrew Dillin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Protein Homeostasis ◽  
Tertiary Structures ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Signaling Components

Genetic and environmental factors responsible for numerous neurodegenerative diseases vary between disorders, yet age remains a universal risk factor. Age-associated decline in protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, enables disease-linked proteins to adopt aberrant tertiary structures, accumulate as higher-ordered aggregates, and cause a myriad of cellular dysfunctions and neuronal death. However, recent findings suggest that the assembly of disease proteins into tightly ordered aggregates can significantly delay proteotoxic onset. Furthermore, manipulation of metabolic pathways through key signaling components extends lifespan, bolsters proteostasis networks, and delays the onset of proteotoxicity. Thus, understanding the relationship between proteostasis and aging has provided important insights into neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Smoking Behavior across Adolescence and Young Adulthood in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development and the Transitions to Substance Abuse Follow-Up

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Do ◽  
Elizabeth C. Prom-Wormley ◽  
Lindon J. Eaves ◽  
Judy L. Silberg ◽  
Donna R. Miles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Adolescence And Young Adulthood ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Little is known regarding the underlying relationship between smoking initiation and current quantity smoked during adolescence into young adulthood. It is possible that the influences of genetic and environmental factors on this relationship vary across sex and age. To investigate this further, the current study applied a common causal contingency model to data from a Virginia-based twin study to determine: (1) if the same genetic and environmental factors are contributing to smoking initiation and current quantity smoked; (2) whether the magnitude of genetic and environmental factor contributions are the same across adolescence and young adulthood; and (3) if qualitative and quantitative differences in the sources of variance between males and females exist. Study results found no qualitative or quantitative sex differences in the relationship between smoking initiation and current quantity smoked, though relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors changed across adolescence and young adulthood. More specifically, smoking initiation and current quantity smoked remain separate constructs until young adulthood, when liabilities are correlated. Smoking initiation is explained by genetic, shared, and unique environmental factors in early adolescence and by genetic and unique environmental factors in young adulthood; while current quantity smoked is explained by shared environmental and unique environmental factors until young adulthood, when genetic and unique environmental factors play a larger role.

Familial nontraumatic, nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report on three first-degree siblings

2011 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Lazaridis ◽  
Jeffrey Bodle ◽  
Imran Chaudry ◽  
Angela Hays ◽  
Julio Chalela
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Family History ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Familial Predisposition ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Family history is a recognized risk factor in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The genetic and environmental contributions are actively researched. The authors of this report present a case series of 3 first-degree siblings affected by nontraumatic, angiographically negative SAH. Data in this study suggest that familial predisposition may also apply to spontaneous, nonaneurysmal SAH and that family history should be actively investigated in all such patients. The identification of families with multiple affected members could lead to an improved understanding of the genetic and environmental factors associated with this condition.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental factors in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and promising therapeutic intervention via fecal microbiota transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Feng Yang ◽  
Shidong Zhang ◽  
Ruihua Xin ◽  
Yan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal impairment and loss of function, and with the major shared histopathological hallmarks of misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins inside or outside cells. Some genetic and environmental factors contribute to the promotion of the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there are no effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. It has been revealed that bidirectional communication exists between the brain and the gut. The gut microbiota is a changeable and experience-dependent ecosystem and can be modified by genetic and environmental factors. The gut microbiota provides potential therapeutic targets that can be regulated as new interventions for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss genetic and environmental risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, summarize the communication among the components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and discuss the treatment strategy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). FMT is a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, and restoration of the gut microbiota to a premorbid state is a novel goal for prevention and treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors in the Development of Empathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.O. Yudina
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Empathy Development ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mother Child Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

The paper provides a review of studies on factors influencing empathy development in early childhood and on conditions promoting manifestation of empathy in children later in life. The outcomes of several studies shed light on the character of empathic response at early stages of child development, particularly in infancy and toddlerhood. This review covers research on the role of biological factors and mechanisms in empathy development (for instance, features of temperament and neuronal bases), as well as research on the relationship between genetic and environmental factors in the development of empathy in ontogenesis. Another part of the paper describes studies on the role of social conditions in the development of empathy in childhood: it focuses primarily on family relations and, in particular, on the mother/child relationship. The paper concludes with several suggestions concerning further research of the specified problem.

scholarly journals Genetic origin of the relationship between parental negativity and behavior problems from early childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal genetically sensitive study

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Alemany ◽  
Frühling V. Rijsdijk ◽  
Claire Margaret Alison Haworth ◽  
Lourdes Fañanás ◽  
Robert Plomin
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractLittle is known about how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the association between parental negativity and behavior problems from early childhood to adolescence. The current study fitted a cross-lagged model in a sample consisting of 4,075 twin pairs to explore (a) the role of genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between parental negativity and behavior problems from age 4 to age 12, (b) whether parent-driven and child-driven processes independently explain the association, and (c) whether there are sex differences in this relationship. Both phenotypes showed substantial genetic influence at both ages. The concurrent overlap between them was mainly accounted for by genetic factors. Causal pathways representing stability of the phenotypes and parent-driven and child-driven effects significantly and independently account for the association. Significant but slight differences were found between males and females for parent-driven effects. These results were highly similar when general cognitive ability was added as a covariate. In summary, the longitudinal association between parental negativity and behavior problems seems to be bidirectional and mainly accounted for by genetic factors. Furthermore, child-driven effects were mainly genetically mediated, and parent-driven effects were a function of both genetic and shared-environmental factors.

scholarly journals Role of overlapping genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between early adolescent conduct problems and substance use in young adulthood

Addiction ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin J. H. Verweij ◽  
Hanneke E. Creemers ◽  
Tellervo Korhonen ◽  
Antti Latvala ◽  
Danielle M. Dick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Educational Attainment and Income

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 516-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnhild E. Ørstavik ◽  
Nikolai Czajkowski ◽  
Espen Røysamb ◽  
Gun Peggy Knudsen ◽  
Kristian Tambs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Relationship

In many Western countries, women now reach educational levels comparable to men, although their income remains considerably lower. For the past decades, it has become increasingly clear that these measures of socio-economic status are influenced by genetic as well as environmental factors. Less is known about the relationship between education and income, and sex differences. The aim of this study was to explore genetic and environmental factors influencing education and income in a large cohort of young Norwegian twins, with special emphasis on gender differences. National register data on educational level and income were obtained for 7,710 twins (aged 29–41 years). Bivariate Cholesky models were applied to estimate qualitative and quantitative gender differences in genetic and environmental influences, the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the correlation between education and income, and genetic correlations within and between sexes and phenotypes. The phenotypic correlation between educational level and income was 0.34 (0.32–0.39) for men and 0.45 (0.43–0.48) for women. An ACE model with both qualitative and quantitative sex differences fitted the data best. The genetic correlation between men and women (rg) was 0.66 (0.22–1.00) for educational attainment and 0.38 (0.01–0.75) for income, and between the two phenotypes 0.31 (0.08–0.52) for men and 0.72 (0.64–0.85) for women. Our results imply that, in relatively egalitarian societies with state-supported access to higher education and political awareness of gender equality, genetic factors may play an important role in explaining sex differences in the relationship between education and income.

scholarly journals Do patients with chronic stress and patients with ADHD develop the same brain structures?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Obukhova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD hereafter) is a disorder associated with the impaired development of the child's nervous system and can be prolonged to adulthood with the symptoms such as impulsivity, inattention, issues with remembering of information. Stress, especially chronic stress, also negatively affects brain function and causes nearly the same symptoms as ADHD. The symptoms are almost parallel. Recent research is shedding more light on the relationship between stress and ADHD. There might be a combination of genetic and environmental factors that influence ADHD onset, and, interestingly, the majority of environmental factors are related to chronic stress during pregnancy or in life. The aim of this review is evaluating the similarities and differences between ADHD and chronic stress, and analyze the nature of alterations caused by ADHD and chronic stress. Research findings showed that in several brain areas both ADHD and stress create similar structure alterations (mainly reduction) (Saenz et al., 2019; Blix et al., 2013). But that data is not 100% consistent and may need more research. Also, in the amygdala (Hoogman et al., 2017; Perlov et al., 2008) and in the hippocampus (Hoogman et al., 2017; Plessen et al., 2006), we see not consistent data and even have an opposite direction of data that needs further review and might explain that these brain structures both are not properly functioning but in different ways

scholarly journals The Relationship between Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1253-1258
Author(s):  
Budi Kristianto ◽  
Nining Febriyana ◽  
Royke Tony Kalalo
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Relationship

The tendency for autism spectrum disorders or also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is increasing globally, even becoming 1 per 54 in 2016. Until now, the cause of autism is not known for certain, ASD is considered to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One of the environmental factors in this case is related to nutrition, one of which is vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is often found among children with ASD. Several studies have shown that vitamin D is involved in various brain bioprocesses including neuromodulation and nerve transmission and brain function while also influencing inflammatory processes, autoimmune disorders, oxidative stress and also neurotransmitters that are widely associated with the possibility of ASD. This review aims to describe vitamin D deficiency may contribute to ASD disorders. Based on this, in the future, it is necessary to consider when treating patients with ASD to consider the need to check the patient's vitamin D levels and if there is a deficiency it can be advised to sunbathe and or be given additional vitamin D intake.

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