scholarly journals Pericentrin forms a complex with intraflagellar transport proteins and polycystin-2 and is required for primary cilia assembly

2004 ◽  
Vol 166 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Jurczyk ◽  
Adam Gromley ◽  
Sambra Redick ◽  
Jovenal San Agustin ◽  
George Witman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Intraflagellar Transport ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Immunogold Electron Microscopy ◽  
Basal Bodies ◽  
Motile Cilia ◽  
Cilia And Flagella ◽  
Centrosome Protein

Primary cilia are nonmotile microtubule structures that assemble from basal bodies by a process called intraflagellar transport (IFT) and are associated with several human diseases. Here, we show that the centrosome protein pericentrin (Pcnt) colocalizes with IFT proteins to the base of primary and motile cilia. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrates that Pcnt is on or near basal bodies at the base of cilia. Pcnt depletion by RNA interference disrupts basal body localization of IFT proteins and the cation channel polycystin-2 (PC2), and inhibits primary cilia assembly in human epithelial cells. Conversely, silencing of IFT20 mislocalizes Pcnt from basal bodies and inhibits primary cilia assembly. Pcnt is found in spermatocyte IFT fractions, and IFT proteins are found in isolated centrosome fractions. Pcnt antibodies coimmunoprecipitate IFT proteins and PC2 from several cell lines and tissues. We conclude that Pcnt, IFTs, and PC2 form a complex in vertebrate cells that is required for assembly of primary cilia and possibly motile cilia and flagella.

scholarly journals Dynein-2 Affects the Regulation of Ciliary Length but Is Not Required for Ciliogenesis in Tetrahymena thermophila

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 708-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidyalakshmi Rajagopalan ◽  
Aswati Subramanian ◽  
David E. Wilkes ◽  
David G. Pennock ◽  
David J. Asai
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Tetrahymena Thermophila ◽  
Intraflagellar Transport ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mild Phenotype ◽  
Motile Cilia ◽  
Cilia And Flagella

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are assembled and maintained by the bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT). Studies in alga, nematode, and mouse have shown that the heavy chain (Dyh2) and the light intermediate chain (D2LIC) of the cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex are essential for retrograde intraflagellar transport. In these organisms, disruption of either dynein-2 component results in short cilia/flagella with bulbous tips in which excess IFT particles have accumulated. In Tetrahymena, the expression of the DYH2 and D2LIC genes increases during reciliation, consistent with their roles in IFT. However, the targeted elimination of either DYH2 or D2LIC gene resulted in only a mild phenotype. Both knockout cell lines assembled motile cilia, but the cilia were of more variable lengths and less numerous than wild-type controls. Electron microscopy revealed normally shaped cilia with no swelling and no obvious accumulations of material in the distal ciliary tip. These results demonstrate that dynein-2 contributes to the regulation of ciliary length but is not required for ciliogenesis in Tetrahymena.

scholarly journals Scoring a backstage pass: Mechanisms of ciliogenesis and ciliary access

2012 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesc R. Garcia-Gonzalo ◽  
Jeremy F. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Basal Bodies ◽  
Protein Traffic ◽  
Ciliary Function ◽  
Kidney Cysts ◽  
Motile Cilia ◽  
Cilia And Flagella ◽  
Inborn Defects

Cilia are conserved, microtubule-based cell surface projections that emanate from basal bodies, membrane-docked centrioles. The beating of motile cilia and flagella enables cells to swim and epithelia to displace fluids. In contrast, most primary cilia do not beat but instead detect environmental or intercellular stimuli. Inborn defects in both kinds of cilia cause human ciliopathies, diseases with diverse manifestations such as heterotaxia and kidney cysts. These diseases are caused by defects in ciliogenesis or ciliary function. The signaling functions of cilia require regulation of ciliary composition, which depends on the control of protein traffic into and out of cilia.

Definition of individual components within the cytoskeleton of Trypanosoma brucei by a library of monoclonal antibodies

1989 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Woods ◽  
T. Sherwin ◽  
R. Sasse ◽  
T.H. MacRae ◽  
A.J. Baines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Immunogold Electron Microscopy ◽  
Basal Bodies ◽  
Tubulin Isotypes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Attachment Zone

The detergent-insoluble T. brucei cytoskeleton consists of several morphologically distinct regions and organelles, many of which are detectable only by electron microscopy. We have produced a set of monoclonal antibodies that define each structural component of this highly ordered cytoskeleton. The monoclonal antibodies were selected by cloning of hybridomas produced from mice injected with complex mixtures of proteins of either the cytoskeleton itself or salt extracts thereof. Four antibodies define particular tubulin isotypes and locate the microtubules of the axoneme and sub-pellicular array; two antibodies recognize the flagellum attachment zone; one recognizes the paraflagellar rod and another the basal bodies. Finally, one antibody defines a detergent-insoluble component of the nucleus. The antigens detected by each monoclonal antibody have been analysed by immunofluorescence microscopy, immunogold electron microscopy and Western blotting.

Ultrastructural evidence for an unusual mode of ciliogenesis in mouse multiciliated epithelia

Microscopy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keishi Narita ◽  
Sen Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Brain Ventricles ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Motile Cilia

Abstract Multiciliogenesis is a cascading process for generating hundreds of motile cilia in single cells. In vertebrates, this process has been investigated in the ependyma of brain ventricles and the ciliated epithelia of the airway and oviduct. Although the early steps to amplify centrioles have been characterized in molecular detail, subsequent steps to establish multicilia have been relatively overlooked. Here, we focused on unusual cilia-related structures previously observed in wild-type mouse ependyma using transmission electron microscopy and analyzed their ultrastructural features and the frequency of their occurrence. In the ependyma, $\sim$5% of cilia existed as bundles; while the majority of the bundles were paired, bundles of more than three cilia were also found. Furthermore, apical protrusions harboring multiple sets of axonemes were occasionally observed (0–2 per section), suggesting an unusual mode of ciliogenesis. In trachea and oviduct epithelia, ciliary bundles were absent, but protrusions containing multiple axonemes were observed. At the base of such protrusions, certain axonemes were completely enwrapped by membranes, whereas others remained incompletely enwrapped. These data suggested that the late steps of multiciliogenesis might include a unique process underlying the development of cilia, which is distinct from the ciliogenesis of primary cilia.

scholarly journals A key regulatory protein for flagellum length control in stable flagella

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison Atkins ◽  
Jiří Týč ◽  
Shahaan Shafiq ◽  
Manu Ahmed ◽  
Eloïse Bertiaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Length Change ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Basal Bodies ◽  
Locking Mechanism ◽  
Cilia And Flagella ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

SummaryCilia and flagella are highly conserved microtubule-based organelles that have important roles in cell motility and sensing [1]. They can be highly dynamic and short lived such as primary cilia or Chlamydomonas [2] or very stable and long lived such as those in spermatozoa [3] photoreceptors [4] or the flagella of many protist cells [3,4]. Although there is a wide variation in length between cell types, there is generally a defined length for a given cell type [1]. Many unicellular flagellated and ciliated organisms have an additional challenge as they must maintain flagella/cilia at a defined length whilst also growing new flagella/cilia in the same cell. It is not currently understood how this is achieved. A grow-and-lock model was proposed for the maintenance of stable flagella where a molecular lock is applied to prevent flagellum length change after assembly [5]. The molecular mechanisms of how this lock operates are unknown, but could be important in cells where an existing flagellum must be maintained whilst a new flagellum assembles. Here we show that Cep164C contributes to the locking mechanism at the base of the flagellum in Trypanosoma brucei. It is only localised on the transition fibres of basal bodies of fully assembled flagella and missing from assembling flagella. In fact, basal bodies only acquire Cep164C in the third cell cycle after they assemble in trypanosomes. Depletion leads to dysregulation of flagellum growth with both longer and shorter flagella; consistent with defects in a flagellum locking mechanism. By controlling delivery of components into the old assembled flagellum, maintenance of stable flagella can occur but limits further growth. This offers an important explanation for how many eukaryotic unicellular cells maintain their existing flagella whilst growing new ones before these cells divide. This work also reveals additional regulatory roles for Cep164 in eukaryotic organisms.

scholarly journals Signaling the differences between cilia

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polina Lishko ◽  
Yuriy Kirichok
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Calcium Ion ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Calcium Ion Channels ◽  
Motile Cilia ◽  
Cilia And Flagella

Calcium ion channels that determine many of the properties of cilia are different in motile cilia as compared to primary cilia and flagella.

scholarly journals Concentration of intraflagellar transport proteins at the ciliary base is required for proper train injection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamin Jung ◽  
Julien Santi-Rocca ◽  
Cecile Fort ◽  
Jean-Yves Tinevez ◽  
Cataldo Schietroma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Live Cell Imaging ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Cell Imaging ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Intraflagellar Transport ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Cell Transport ◽  
Cilia And Flagella ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

Construction of cilia and flagella relies on Intraflagellar Transport (IFT). Although IFT proteins can be found in multiple locations in the cell, transport has only been reported along the axoneme. Here, we reveal that IFT concentration at the base of the flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei is required for proper assembly of IFT trains. Using live cell imaging at high resolution and direct optical nanoscopy with axially localized detection (DONALD) of fixed trypanosomes, we demonstrate that IFT proteins are localised around the 9 doublet microtubules of the proximal portion of the transition zone, just on top of the transition fibres. Super-resolution microscopy and photobleaching studies reveal that knockdown of the RP2 transition fibre protein results in reduced IFT protein concentration and turnover at the base of the flagellum. This in turn is accompanied by a 4- to 8-fold drop in the frequency of IFT train injection. We propose that the flagellum base provides a unique environment to assemble IFT trains.

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