scholarly journals Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is associated with induced gene expression in Drosophila euchromatin

2003 ◽  
Vol 161 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Piacentini ◽  
Laura Fanti ◽  
Maria Berloco ◽  
Barbara Perrini ◽  
Sergio Pimpinelli
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Gene Activity ◽  
Chromosomal Protein ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein 1 ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Heterochromatin Formation ◽  
Telomere Capping ◽  
Nonhistone Chromosomal Protein

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is a conserved nonhistone chromosomal protein, which is involved in heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in many organisms. In addition, it has been shown that HP1 is also involved in telomere capping in Drosophila. Here, we show a novel striking feature of this protein demonstrating its involvement in the activation of several euchromatic genes in Drosophila. By immunostaining experiments using an HP1 antibody, we found that HP1 is associated with developmental and heat shock–induced puffs on polytene chromosomes. Because the puffs are the cytological phenotype of intense gene activity, we did a detailed analysis of the heat shock–induced expression of the HSP70 encoding gene in larvae with different doses of HP1 and found that HP1 is positively involved in Hsp70 gene activity. These data significantly broaden the current views of the roles of HP1 in vivo by demonstrating that this protein has multifunctional roles.

scholarly journals HP1 Binding to Chromatin Methylated at H3K9 Is Enhanced by Auxiliary Factors

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnhild Eskeland ◽  
Anton Eberharter ◽  
Axel Imhof
Keyword(s):  
Histone H3 ◽  
Chromatin Modifications ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein 1 ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Heterochromatin Formation ◽  
Condensed Form ◽  
Target Sites ◽  
Reconstituted System

ABSTRACT A large portion of the eukaryotic genome is packaged into transcriptionally silent heterochromatin. Several factors that play important roles during the establishment and maintenance of this condensed form have been identified. Methylation of lysine 9 within histone H3 and the subsequent binding of the chromodomain protein heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) are thought to initiate heterochromatin formation in vivo and to propagate a heterochromatic state lasting through several cell divisions. For the present study we analyzed the binding of HP1 to methylated chromatin in a fully reconstituted system. In contrast to its strong binding to methylated peptides, HP1 binds only weakly to methylated chromatin. However, the addition of recombinant SU(VAR) protein, such as ACF1 or SU(VAR)3-9, facilitates HP1 binding to chromatin methylated at lysine 9 within the H3 N terminus (H3K9). We propose that HP1 has multiple target sites that contribute to its recognition of chromatin, only one of them being methylated at H3K9. These findings have implications for the mechanisms of recognition of specific chromatin modifications in vivo.

The heat shock protein hsp70 binds in vivo to subregions 2-48BC and 3-58D of the polytene chromosomes ofDrosophila hydei

Chromosoma ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Laran ◽  
José Maria Requena ◽  
Antonio Jimenez-Ruiz ◽  
Manuel Carlos Lopez ◽  
Carlos Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Heat Shock Protein Hsp70

scholarly journals A heat-shock-activated cDNA encoding GAGA factor rescues some lethal mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like gene

2001 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. GRANOK ◽  
B. A. LEIBOVITCH ◽  
S. C. R. ELGIN
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Position Effect Variegation ◽  
Chromosomal Protein ◽  
Gaga Factor ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Regulation Of Synthesis

GAGA factor is an important chromosomal protein involved in establishing specific nucleosome arrays and in regulating gene transcription in Drosophila melanogaster. We developed a transgenic system for controlled heat-shock-dependent overexpression of the GAGA factor 519 amino acid isoform (GAGA-519) in vivo. Efficient production of stable protein from these transgenes provided genetic rescue of a hypomorphic Trithorax-like (Trl) lethal allele to adulthood. Nevertheless, supplemental GAGA-519 did not suppress position effect variegation (PEV), a phenomenon commonly used to measure dosage effects of chromosomal proteins, nor did it rescue other lethal alleles of Trl. The results suggest requirements for the additional isoforms of GAGA factor, or for more precise regulation of synthesis, to carry out the diverse functions of this protein.

Αλληλεπιδράσεις και in situ οργάνωση διαμεμβρανικών πρωτεϊνών του πυρηνικού φακέλου

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Δήμητρα Μακατσώρη
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein 1 ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Histone Fold ◽  
Β Receptor

Αρχικός έλεγχος φυσιολογικών και νεοπλασματικών κυττάρων ανθρώπου και ποντικού χρησιμοποιώντας ειδικούς ανιχνευτές για την HPΙα και ΗΡΙβ έδειξε ότι η έκφραση των πρωτεϊνών αυτών δεν διαφέρει σημαντικά. Παράλληλα, μελέτη φυσιολογικών ιστών και πρωτογενών καλλιεργειών που έγινε στο εργαστήριό μας έδειξε σύνθετα πρότυπα υποπυρηνικής κατανομής που δεν θα μπορούσαν εύκολα να αποδοθούν σε αυξομειώσεις της ενδοκυττάριας συγκέντρωσης των ΗΡΙα/β, αλλά θα ήταν πιο συμβατά με έναν μηχανισμό ρύθμισης που εξαρτάται από αυξητικούς παράγοντες και μιτογόνα. Επί τη βάσει αυτών των δεδομένων επικεντρώσαμε τη μελέτη μας στις αλληλεπιδράσεις της πρωτεΐνης ΗΡ1 (Heterochromatin Protein 1) με διαφορετικά χρωματινικά υποστρώματα υπό in vitro και in vivo συνθήκες. Η άποψη που ισχύει ως τώρα είναι ότι η ΗΡ1 εντοπίζεται σε μεταγραφικά ανενεργή, συστατική (constitutive) ετεροχρωματίνη συνδεόμενη ειδικά με την ιστόνη Η3 που είναι μετα-μεταφραστικά τροποποιημένη (τριμεθυλιωμένη) στη λυσίνη 9 (me3K9-H3). Το παραπάνω πρότυπο, παρά την κομψότητα και την απλότητά του δεν επαρκεί όμως για να ερμηνεύσει το ευρύ φάσμα των αλληλεπιδράσεων της ΗΡ1 με την ετεροχρωματίνη πουπαρατηρούνται in vivo. Για αυτόν τον λόγο, μελετήσαμε τις αλληλεπιδράσεις ΗΡ1- χρωματίνης σε διαφορετικά επίπεδα πολυπλοκότητας και διερευνήσαμε κατά πόσον η me3K9-H3 αποτελεί τη μοναδική θέση πρόσδεσης της ΗΡ1. In vitro μελέτες έδειξαν ότι η ΗΡ1 προσδένεται επιλεκτικά σε μη τροποποιημένη ή μερικώς πρωτεολυμένη ιστόνη Η3, αλληλεπιδρώντας κυρίως με το κεντρικό τμήμα της (histone fold). Επίσης δείξαμε ότι η ΗΡ1 συνδέεται πιο ισχυρά στα διασπασμένα νουκλεοσώματα (Η3/Η4 υποσωματίδια) από ότι στα ακέραια σωματίδια. Τα αποτελέσματα της ανοσοαποτύπωσης κατά western και της φασματοσκοπίας μάζας έδειξαν ότι τα σωματίδια που επιλέγει η ΗΡ1 διαθέτουν ένα πολύπλοκο μοτίβο μετα-μεταφραστικών τροποποιήσεων, δεν είναι ιδιαίτερα εμπλουτισμένασε me3K9-H3 και δεν ακολουθούν το σύνολο των κανόνων που υπαγορεύονται από τον ιστονικό κώδικα. Αυτές οι βιοχημικές μελέτες συνηγορούν στην ιδέα ότι οι πρωτεΐνες ΗΡ1 αλληλεπιδρούν μετα διαφορετικά χρωματινικά υποστρώματα με τρόπο που εξαρτάται από τη φυσική κατάσταση της χρωματίνης. Είναι επίσης φανερό ότι οι in vitro παρατηρήσεις μας σχετίζονται με μία τουλάχιστον «χρωματινική κατάσταση» που απαντάται in vivo. Για παράδειγμα, παρατηρήσαμε ότι, η HP1 και η me3K9-H3 δεν συνεντοπίζονται απόλυτα και παρουσιάζουν διακριτά πρότυπα. In vivo πειράματα έδειξαν επίσης ότι η σταθερή ενσωμάτωση της ΗΡ1 στις ετεροχρωματινικές εστίες εξαρτάται από την S φάση. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά αμφισβητούν το δόγμα ότι η μεθυλίωση στη λυσίνη 9 της ιστόνης Η3 αποτελεί τη μοναδική θέση πρόσδεσης (creates a binding site...) για την ΗΡ1 καιυποστηρίζουν ένα μηχανισμό ενσωμάτωσης που βασίζεται στην αντιγραφή. Ένα άλλο τμήμα της μελέτης μας επικεντρώθηκε στις αλληλεπιδράσεις του πυρηνικού φακέλου με την ετεροχρωματίνη. Ένα βασικό συστατικό του πυρηνικού φακέλου είναι ο LBR (Lamin Β Receptor), μία πολυτοπική πρωτεΐνη της εσωτερικής πυρηνικής μεμβράνης που συμμετέχει στην αγκυροβόληση της χρωματίνης στην περιφέρεια. Δύο βασικοί παράμετροι στις αλληλεπιδράσεις LBR-χρωματίνης είναι η φυσική κατάσταση του LBR και τα μοριακά χαρακτηριστικά της χρωματίνης με την οποία συνδέεται. Για να προσεγγίσουμε τα ερωτήματα αυτά, απομονώσαμε τμήματα περιφερικής ετεροχρωματίνης που είναι προσκολλημένα στην εσωτερική πυρηνική μεμβράνη. Δείξαμε ότι το αμινοτελικό τμήμα του LBR συνδέεται άμεσα με μονονουκλεοσώματα. Ανάλυση των νουκλεοσωματικών σωματιδίων που αλληλεπιδρούν με τον LBR με φασματοσκοπία μάζας απεκάλυψε πολύπλοκα πρότυπα μεθυλιωμένων/ακετυλιωμένων ιστονών που δεν περιέχουν ευχρωματινικές επιγενετικές τροποποιήσεις. Επίσης, μερικοί από τους συνδυασμούς που ανιχνεύθηκαν δεν ήταν συμβατοί με τους κανόνες του «ιστονικού κώδικα». Πολλές από τις διαμεμβρανικές πρωτεΐνες του πυρηνικού φακέλου οργανώνονται σε πολυπρωτεϊνικά σύμπλοκα και σχηματίζουν πλατφόρμες αναδιαμόρφωσης χρωματίνης. Πειράματα in vitro έδειξαν ότι ο LBR αλληλεπιδρά με τον εαυτό του μέσω του αμινοτελικού τμήματος και σχηματίζει ολιγομερή στο επίπεδο του πυρηνικού φακέλου. Επίσης, χρησιμοποιώντας μία ποικιλία μορφολογικών τεχνικών, δείξαμε ότι ο ενδογενής LBRεντοπίζεται σε διακριτές νησίδες στον πυρηνικό φάκελο. Τέλος, μορφολογική ανάλυση τωνετερόζυγων μεταλλάξεων του LBR στα ποντίκια έδειξε ότι η φυσιολογική κατανομή καθώς και η οργάνωση των νησίδων που σχηματίζει ο LBR στον φάκελο διαταράσσεται σημαντικά προκαλώντας μία ποικιλία δομικών και πυρηνικών αλλοιώσεων

scholarly journals Direct Interaction between DNA Methyltransferase DIM-2 and HP1 Is Required for DNA Methylation in Neurospora crassa

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (19) ◽  
pp. 6044-6055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Honda ◽  
Eric U. Selker
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein 1 ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Chromo Shadow Domain ◽  
Two Hybrid

ABSTRACT DNA methylation is involved in gene silencing and genomic stability in mammals, plants, and fungi. Genetics studies of Neurospora crassa have revealed that a DNA methyltransferase (DIM-2), a histone H3K9 methyltransferase (DIM-5), and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) are required for DNA methylation. We explored the interrelationships of these components of the methylation machinery. A yeast two-hybrid screen revealed that HP1 interacts with DIM-2. We confirmed the interaction in vivo and demonstrated that it involves a pair of PXVXL-related motifs in the N-terminal region of DIM-2 and the chromo shadow domain of HP1. Both regions are essential for proper DNA methylation. We also determined that DIM-2 and HP1 form a stable complex independently of the trimethylation of histone H3K9, although the association of DIM-2 with its substrate sequences depends on trimethyl-H3K9. The DIM-2/HP1 complex does not include DIM-5. We conclude that DNA methylation in Neurospora is largely or exclusively the result of a unidirectional pathway in which DIM-5 methylates histone H3K9 and then the DIM-2/HP1 complex recognizes the resulting trimethyl-H3K9 mark via the chromo domain of HP1.

scholarly journals Is HP1 an RNA detector that functions both in repression and activation?

2003 ◽  
Vol 161 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Kellum
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Pericentric Heterochromatin ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein 1 ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Initial Discovery

Heterochromatin is defined as regions of compact chromatin that persist throughout the cell cycle (Heitz, 1928). The earliest cytological observations of heterochromatin were followed by ribonucleotide labeling experiments that showed it to be transcriptionally inert relative to the more typical euchromatic regions that decondense during interphase. Genetic studies of rearrangements that place euchromatic genes next to blocks of heterochromatin also pointed out the repressive nature of heterochromatin (Grigliatti, 1991; and references therein). The discovery of the heterochromatin-enriched protein heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1)**Abbreviation used in this paper: HP1, heterochromatin protein 1. by Elgin and co-workers in the mid-1980s suggested that the distinct cytological features of this chromatin may be related to its unique nucleoprotein composition (James and Elgin, 1986; James et al., 1989). HP1 immunostaining on polytene chromosomes from Drosophila larval salivary glands was used to show enrichment of the protein in pericentric heterochromatin. Since that initial discovery, HP1 homologues have been found in species ranging from fission yeast to humans where it is associated with gene silencing (Eissenberg and Elgin, 2000; and references therein). A number of euchromatic sites of localization were also reported in this original study. It has been generally assumed that these sites might constitute euchromatic sites of transcriptional repression by HP1. Indeed, several genes located at one of these sites (cytological region 31) have increased transcript levels in mutants for HP1 (Hwang et al., 2001).

scholarly journals P-TEFb kinase recruitment and function at heat shock loci

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 792-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Lis ◽  
Paul Mason ◽  
J. Peng ◽  
David H. Price ◽  
Janis Werner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Pol Ii ◽  
Shock Locus ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cdk9 Kinase Activity ◽  
Productive Elongation

P-TEFb, a heterodimer of the kinase Cdk9 and cyclin T, was isolated as a factor that stimulates formation of productive transcription elongation complexes in vitro. Here, we show that P-TEFb is located at >200 distinct sites on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Upon heat shock, P-TEFb, like the regulatory factor HSF, is rapidly recruited to heat shock loci, and this recruitment is blocked in an HSF mutant. Yet, HSF binding to DNA is not sufficient to recruit P-TEFb in vivo, and HSF and P-TEFb immunostainings within a heat shock locus are not coincident. Insight to the function of P-TEFb is offered by experiments showing that the direct recruitment of a Gal4-binding domain P-TEFb hybrid to an hsp70 promoter in Drosophilacells is sufficient to activate transcription in the absence of heat shock. Analyses of point mutants show this P-TEFb stimulation is dependent on Cdk9 kinase activity and on Cdk9's interaction with cyclin T. These results, coupled with the frequent colocalization of P-TEFb and the hypophosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) found at promoter-pause sites, support a model in which P-TEFb acts to stimulate promoter-paused Pol II to enter into productive elongation.

scholarly journals Heterochromatin protein 1 distribution during development and during the cell cycle in Drosophila embryos

1995 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 1407-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kellum ◽  
J.W. Raff ◽  
B.M. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Gaga Factor ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein 1 ◽  
Dapi Staining ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Nuclear Cycle ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) was initially discovered as a protein that is associated with the heterochromatin at the chromocenter of polytene chromosomes in Drosophila larval salivary glands. In this paper we investigate the localization of heterochromatin protein 1 in the diploid nuclei of Drosophila embryos. We focus on its association with the interphase heterochromatin in fixed embryos before and during cycle 14, the developmental time at which heterochromatin becomes most conspicuous, and also follow its localization during mitosis. The GAGA transcription factor was recently shown to be localized at sequences within alpha-heterochromatin in pre-cycle 14 embryos, and an antibody against this protein serves as a convenient marker for these sequences. We find an enrichment of heterochromatin protein 1 in the intensely DAPI-staining regions near the apical surface of nuclear cycle 10 embryos. At this stage GAGA factor is localized into punctate structures in this same region. This enrichment for HP1 is markedly increased during nuclear cycle 14. Surprisingly, whereas GAGA factor retains its association with the heterochromatin throughout the cell cycle, a significant fraction of HP1 is dispersed throughout the spindle around the segregating chromosomes during mitosis. This dispersed pool of heterochromatin protein 1 was observed during mitosis in both early and late Drosophila embryos and in an analysis of a bacterially produced 6x histidine-heterochromatin protein 1 fusion protein injected into living Drosophila embryos. When Drosophila tissue culture cells were prepared by a method which removes soluble protein and avoids fixation of the mitotic chromosomes, an enrichment for heterochromatin protein 1 in the heterochromatin of the chromosomes was discovered also.

Mutations in LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 affect flowering time and plant architecture in Arabidopsis

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (23) ◽  
pp. 4847-4858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Gaudin ◽  
Marc Libault ◽  
Sylvie Pouteau ◽  
Trine Juul ◽  
Gengchun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein 1 ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Chromatin Dynamics ◽  
Drosophila Heterochromatin ◽  
Main Regulator

In plants, recent studies have demonstrated links between the regulation of developmental processes and chromatin dynamics and organisation. Analysis of new mutations affecting overall plant architecture, leaf development and flowering time in Arabidopsis has allowed us to clone and characterise LHP1, the Drosophila heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) homologue. LHP1 has the chromo and chromo shadow domains central to the function of animal proteins. Yeast two hybrid studies and in planta deletion experiments suggest similar modes of action in plants and animals via homodimer formation. In vivo localisation experiments revealed a specific subnuclear protein distribution in foci throughout the nucleus. Our data suggest that LHP1 may act as a main regulator of gene expression in plants, through formation of heterochromatin-like repressive complexes, to control developmental pathways involved in organ and cell size, and the vegetative to reproductive phase transition.

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